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Transcript
Cell Structures What are the functions of the major cell structures? Cell Wall • Found in plants, algae, fungi and nearly all prokaryotes • Lie outside the cell membrane • Made up of fibers of carbohydrate and protein – Plant cell walls made of cellulose • MAIN FUNCTION: provide support and protection for the cell Image from: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/ P/PlantCell.html Plant Cell Wall Structure Image from: http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/cellwall.htm Bacterial cell walls • Made up of peptidoglycan • Different structures for different types of bacteria Fungal and Algal cell walls • Fungal cell walls –Composed of chitin and cellulose • Algal Cell Walls – Composed of polysaccharides – Which polysaccharides depends on the algae Nucleus • Controls most of the cell processes and contains the hereditary information (DNA) • Parts of the nucleus –Chromatin and chromosomes –Nucleolus –Nuclear envelope Image from: http://sun.menloschool.org/~birchler/cells/animals/nucleus/ Image from: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/N/nucleusc.html Chromatin and Chromosomes • Chromatin – The granular material visible within the nucleus – Consists of DNA bound to proteins • Chromosomes – Chromatin condenses into chromosomes before cell division – Contain genetic information Nucleolus • Assembly of ribosomes begins here Nuclear envelope • Double membrane layer surrounding the cell • Has pores which allows material into and out of the cell Cytoskeleton • Network of protein filaments that help the cell maintain it’s shape • Involved in many forms of cell movement Parts of the Cytoskeleton • Microtubules –Hollow tubes of protein that maintain shape –Serve as “tracks” for moving organelles –Important in cell division –Make up centrioles in animal cells –Also make up flagella and cilia in some cells Microtubules Images from: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPa ges/C/Cytoskeleton.html Parts of the Cytoskeleton • Microfilaments –Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell –Much smaller than microtubules Microfilaments Ribosomes • Small particles of RNA and protein • Function: assemble proteins • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic ribosomes have different structures Ribosomes consist of a small subunit and a large subunit Image from: http://cellbio.utmb .edu/cellbio/ribos ome.htm Endoplasmic Reticulum • Function: Components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified • Rough ER: Synthesis of proteins: chemical modification; Studded with ribosomes • Smooth ER: synthesis of lipids Image from: http://www .winterwre n.com/apbi o/cellorgan elles/er.htm l Image from: http://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa041300a.htm Golgi Apparatus • Function: enzymes in the Golgi attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins • From Golgi proteins are packaged and sent to their final destinations Image from: http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/GOLGI.HTM Image from: http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/GOLGI.HTM Lysosomes • Small organelles filled with enzymes • Function: break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins from food particles • Break down old organelles and other cellular debris Image from: http://ce llbio.ut mb.edu/ cellbio/l ysosom e.htm Vacuoles • Function: Store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates • In plants, a large central vacuole filled with fluid is used for support in the cell Image from: http://mic ro.magne t.fsu.edu/ cells/plan ts/images /plantvac uolesfigu re1.jpg Chloroplasts • Function: use energy from the sun to make energy-rich food molecules in photosynthesis • Bound by two envelope membranes • Stacks of photosynthetic membranes contain chlorophyll Image from: http://www.davidda rling.info/images/ch loroplast.jpg Mitochondria • Function: use energy from food to make high energy compounds • Powerhouse of the cell • Bound by two envelope membranes • Inner membrane is folded Image from:http://micro. magnet.fsu.edu/ce lls/mitochondria/i mages/mitochondr iafigure1.jpg Organelle DNA • Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own DNA • Endosymbiotic theory:mitochondria and chloroplasts the result of endocytosis of bacteria and bluegreen algae whichbecame symbiotic Endosymbiotic theory Image from: http://www.ms nucleus.org/m embership/ht ml/k6/lc/organ/5/i mages/wpeA. gif Venn Diagram • Use your notes and the venn diagram handout to compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and plant and animal cells Cell as a Factory • See page 182