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The Cell Structure
Ag Biology
Cell Overview
 CELLS-The common thing that makes up
every living thing
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first person
to use a microscope to study nature.
 Robert Hooke was the first to look at plant
tissues under the microscope.
 Rudolf Virchow studied cell reproduction and
declared that “Where a cell exists there must
have been a preexisting cell…”
The Cell Theory States
the Following:
 All living things are composed of
cells.
 Cells are the basic units of structure
and function in living things.
 New cells are produced from
existing cells.
Basic Cell Structures
 Micrometer (1,000 times smaller than a
millimeter)
 The tiniest bacteria cells are only 0.2
micrometers.
 Typical cells range from 5-50
micrometers.
Prokaryotic Cells
 Prokaryotes – are small and simple




have cell membranes and cytoplasm
no nuclei
all bacteria are prokaryotes
they still grow, reproduce, and respond to
stimuli
Eukaryotic Cell
 they contain nuclei, and dozens of other
structures called organelles
 but most are a part of a multicellular
system
PARTS OF A CELL-don’t
write
 Structures within a cell are called
ORGANELLES
 Have specific functions within the cell
and structures
 Carry out essential cell processes
Nucleus
 controls cell processes and contains DNA.
 Chromatin – the visible material within the
nucleus (form chromosomes)
 Nucleolus – within the nucleus, where
ribosomes are made
 Nuclear Membrane –surrounds the nucleus
and allows items to flow in/out
Cytoskeleton
 network of protein
filaments that helps the
cell maintain its shape.
 Involved in the
movement of the cell.
 Microtubules &
Microfilaments
Ribosomes
 Ribosomes are made of proteins and
RNA (RiboNucleic Acid).
 Produced in the nucleolus
 Some free floating, some attached to
endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Transport proteins out of the cell
 Site of protein synthesis
 The ‘rough ER’ has ribosomes on its surface,
Smooth = no ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
 Proteins produced by the rough ER move
into the Golgi Apparatus.
 Packages proteins into vesicles that can
be transported out or around the cell.
Lysosomes
 “clean up crew”
 Digest bacteria/viruses/worn out
organelles
Centriole
 Made of microtubules
 Found in cytoplasm near nucleus
 Aid in cell division
Vacuoles
 Store water, salts, proteins, and carbs in
saclike structures.
 Plant cells usually have one large
vacuole so the plant can support heavy
structures.
Mitochondria
 “energy generator” or “powerhouse”
 release energy from stored foods to
make compounds that the cell can use to
power growth, development, and
movement.
Cell Wall – only in plant cell
 Not in animal cell.
 made from fibers making a tough substance
called cellulose.
 provides protection and support for the cell.
Chloroplasts – plant cell only
 Use energy from the sun to make energy
rich food.
 AKA photosynthesis.
Activity!
 Fill out the worksheet on the parts of the cell
and be thinking about how you could turn all of
these cell parts into a self sustaining city.
 You get to make a…
 Cell City!