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Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function Assignments • Read Chapter 4 in textbook • Read appropriate pages in CliffsAP Mills Biology 2002 Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function Cell Trivia • How many cells do we have in our bodies? – 75 trillion = 75 X 1012 !!! That’s a lot • 75,000,000,000,000 • Vary in size (um = 1/1000 mm) – human egg cell 140 um – RBC 7.5 um – smooth muscle cell 20-500 um • RBC’s made at a rate of about 1.2-2.5 million/sec. 1/2 ton in a lifetime, produce about 1 oz. of new blood daily • Entire stomach lining replaced every 3 days Mills Biology 2002 Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function • Class periods:1-2 • Topics – 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization – 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells – 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Mills Biology 2002 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization What is the Cell? • Development of the cell theory • Cell size • Two basic cell types Mills Biology 2002 What does this have to do with the cell theory? Mediterranean Oak Tree Mills Biology 2002 What is the Cell? Development of the cell theory Hooke - England 1600’s Leeuwenhoek - Holland Mills Biology 2002 Anton van Leeuwenhoek A Screw for adjusting height B metal plate-body of scope C Skewer to impale object and rotate it D Spherical lens Mills Biology 2002 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the cell theory *Just know that they • 1800’s – – – – – – – – Henry Dutrochet Robert Brown Matthies Schleiden Theodor Schwann Johannes Purkinje Rudolph Virchow Max Schultz Felix Dujardin were involved with developing the “cell theory” Worked like Leeuwenhoeks, but could “load” 8 specimen. Mills Biology 2002 Mills Biology 2002 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization All living things Development of the cell theory are made of cells. • 1800’s – – – – – – – – Henry Dutrochet Robert Brown Matthies Schleiden Theodor Schwann Johannes Purkinje Rudolph Virchow Max Schultz Felix Dujardin Mills Biology 2002 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the cell theory • 1800’s – – – – – – – – Henry Dutrochet Robert Brown Matthies Schleiden Theodor Schwann Johannes Purkinje Rudolph Virchow Max Schultz Felix Dujardin • Found same dense round body in plant cells as had been seen in animal cells. • Gave it a name. What was it? – nucleus Mills Biology 2002 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the cell theory • 1800’s – – – – – – – – Henry Dutrochet Robert Brown Matthies Schleiden Theodor Schwann Johannes Purkinje Rudolph Virchow Max Schultz Felix Dujardin Mills Biology 2002 All plants are made of cells! 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the cell theory • 1800’s – – – – – – – – Henry Dutrochet Robert Brown Matthies Schleiden Theodor Schwann Johannes Purkinje Rudolph Virchow Max Schultz Felix Dujardin Animals are made of cells too! Mills Biology 2002 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the cell theory • 1800’s – – – – – – – – Henry Dutrochet Robert Brown Matthies Schleiden Theodor Schwann Johannes Purkinje Rudolph Virchow Max Schultz Felix Dujardin • Named the jellylike substance that filled cells. What did he name it? – protoplasm Mills Biology 2002 Proposed unique nature of fingerprints. 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the cell theory • 1800’s – – – – – – – – Henry Dutrochet Robert Brown Matthies Schleiden Theodor Schwann Johannes Purkinje Rudolph Virchow Max Schultz Felix Dujardin All cells arise ONLY from preexisting cells. Mills Biology 2002 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the cell theory • 1800’s – – – – – – – – Henry Dutrochet Robert Brown Matthies Schleiden Theodor Schwann Johannes Purkinje Rudolph Virchow Max Schultz Felix Dujardin • Proposed that protoplasm was found in cells of all types of organisms. Mills Biology 2002 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the cell theory • 1800’s – – – – – – – – Henry Dutrochet Robert Brown Matthies Schleiden Theodor Schwann Johannes Purkinje Rudolph Virchow Max Schultz Felix Dujardin • Saw one celled organisms Mills Biology 2002 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the cell theory • What is the cell theory? – All organisms are made of one or more cells. – Cells are the structural and functional units of all organisms. – All cells come from pre-existing cells by self reproduction. – Took many years to gather this knowledge. Mills Biology 2002 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Development of the cell theory Rabbit intestinal cells. Corn leaf cells. Mills Biology 2002 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization – Cells usually organized one of two ways: • Unicellular and colonial organisms • Multicellular organisms Mills Biology 2002 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Unicellular and Colonial Organisms • Can carry on all life processes • Include bacteria, protozoa, many algae, some fungi • Can exist as: – Single one celled entity – Simple colonies • Organisms just “hang out” together – Complex colonies • Organisms are interconnected and communicate Mills Biology 2002 Complex colonies Simple colonies Single entity - Amoeba GreenBacteria algae-Volvox 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Multicellular Organisms • Hundreds to billions of cells • Specialized cells, cannot function independently – Cells organized into tissues – Tissues organized into organs – Organs organized into organ systems Mills Biology 2002 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Types of Tissue • Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscle Tissue Epithelial cells of GI tract Nervous tissue-neuron in gray matter of brain Muscle Tissue Simple squamous epithelium lining alveoli of lungs. Adipose (fat) tissue and bone, types of connective tissue Mills Biology 2002 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Cell Size • Prokaryotes 1-10 micrometers/Eukaryotes 10-100 micrometers (micrometer = 10-6 meters= 1/1000th of a meter) • Significance of cell surface area to volume ratio Cube shape Calculations: Surface area =area of one side X the number of sides Volume=length x width x height Calculate thexsurface for 2 S.A. = 1mm 1mm =area 1mmto2 xvolume 6 sidesratio = 6mm a cube that is 1mm on each side. Volume = 1mm x1 mm x 1mm = 1mm3 Do the same calculation for a cube that is Surface 3mm onarea/Volume each side. ratio = 6:1 S.A. = cell 3mm x 3mm x 6the sides = 54mm2Why? Which would have advantage? Volume = 3mm x 3mm x 3mm = 27mm3 Surface area/Volume Ratio = 54:27 = 2:1 Mills Biology 2002 Mills Biology 2002 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Two basic cell types • Name the two basic cells types. • What is the difference between them? • What is the same? Mills Biology 2002 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization Two basic cell types • What type is this? Prokaryotic • What type are these? Eukaryotic First 3 billion years of life on earth – only prokaryotes. Eukaryotes only around for about 1.5 billion years. Mills Biology 2002 4.2 Bacterial Cells Prokaryotic E.coli Movie 35 sec. • Prokaryotic – no nucleus Hard drive ..\..\Biology Clipart and sounds\Biology movies and animations\prokaryotic cell e coli movie.mov – Pro=before – Karyon=kernel • Cell wall – Peptidoglycan – Sometimes surrounded by a capsule and/or a slime layer • Cytoplasm – Contains some organelles • Nucleoid (not a membrane bound nucleus) – Usually one loop of DNA – May also have smaller accessory rings called plasmids • Ribosomes • Photosynthetic bacteria have thylakoids • Flagella Mills Biology 2002 4.2 Bacterial Cells • Phtosynthetic bacteria – Cyanobacterium (previously called blue-green algae) Mills Biology 2002 These are cells from inside your body. E. Coli (stained green) Which are prokaryotic? Which are eukaryotic? White blood cell (stained red) Mills Biology 2002 4.2 Bacterial Cells Summary • Prokaryotic cells have three consistent features Outer boundary Cell wall Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Thylakoids (photosynthetic) Nucleoid Innumerable enzymes Chromosome (loop of DNA) Mills Biology 2002 Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells • • • • • Cell walls Cell membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Origins of eukaryotic cells • Good http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/a nimalcell.html Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Cell Walls • • • • • Plants (and bacterial) cells have cell walls Animal cells do not have cell walls Fairly rigid-gives shape and support Outside of cell(plasma) membrane Holes in it, substances can pass through Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Cell Walls Plant cell Plant cell wall made of cellulose. Bacterial cell wall made of peptidoglycans. Animal cell (no cell wall) Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Cell Walls Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Cell Membrane • • • • Also called plasma membrane Present in prokaryotes, and eukaryotes Separates what’s inside the cell from what’s outside Selectively permeable - allows things to pass into and out of the cell-this is vital feature • Very important for maintaining homeostasis Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Cell Membrane What compounds make up the cell wall? Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Cell Membrane Will look at more closely in next chapter Transport proteins Receptor proteins Enzymatic/catalytic proteins Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells • Typical cell is fluid filled and membrane bound • Fluid inside cell = cytoplasm • Structures within cytoplasm = organelles Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Nucleus • Nucleus is largest organelle • Membrane bound-nuclear membrane – double layer • Controls cell-without it, cell dies • Contains nucleolus or nucleoli – center for ribosome production • Contain DNA = chromatin = chromosomes Prokaryote-no membrane bound nucleus, but has nucleoid. Mills Biology 2002 Cell Structure The Nucleus Mills Biology 2002 What do you see? Liver cell nucleus(center of picture) TEM x 20,720 . Mitochondria red, ribosomes blue, ER green, nucleolus Mills Biology 2002 purple. David Kunkel 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm • Fluid substance inside cell • Surrounds nucleus and other organelles • Many chemicals dissolved in it, chemical reactions can take place in it. • Contains cytoskeleton that keeps cell organized Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles • Ribosomes – Composed of rRNA and protein – Several thousand to a million per cell. – Found on rough ER (proteins for export)and free(proteins for use within cell) in cytoplasm – Function: protein synthesis – Can produce proteins at a rate of 2 aa/sec in eukaryotes and 20aa/sec in prokaryotes – Prokaryotic ribosomes vary from eukaryotic and are similar to ribosomes found in mito and chloroplasts Mills Biology 2002 Can you name these? Ribosomes and polyribosomes in the cytoplasm of a liver cell. TEM x 173,400 . David Kunkel Mills Biology 2002 Ribosomes made in the nucleus under the direction of DNA. Made up of protein and rRNA. Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles • Endoplasmic reticulum – Transport system for molecules in cell – Extensive network of interconnected, fluid filled tubes and cavities – Two types: Rough ER coated with ribosomes •protein synthesis Smooth ER • rough • smooth no ribosomes •lipids , steroids and fatty acid synthesis Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Mills Biology 2002 Rough endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes TEM x 61,560. David Kunkel Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles • Golgi Bodies – Refines, packages and delivers proteins and lipids – stack of flattened sacks called cisternae – receives proteins from ER Mills Biology 2002 Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles • Lysosomes – Garbage disposals – Vesicle containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) – Produced by Golgi apparatus – over 40 types of enzymes – Function to: • digest bacteria, viruses, toxins • degrade worn out cell parts • break down non useful fetal tissue – no longer thought true (programmed cell death instead) – Lysosomal storage diseases Tay Sachs Disease • Tay Sachs Disease Mills Biology 2002 –Autosomal recessive, neurologic disorder, lipids build up on nerve cells, 1 out of 27 Jews in America carry gene, there is a test for carriers 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles • Peroxisomes – Membrane bound vesicle – Contain enzymes that can oxidize small organic compounds, resulting in production of hydrogen peroxide – Hydrogen peroxide broken down into oxygen and water by enzyme, catalase, also produced by peroxisome – Common in liver and kidney cells Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles • Vacuoles – Membrane bound – Bigger than vesicles – Store things • food,water,pigments, toxic substances – Contractile vacuoles Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles • Vacuoles – contractile water vacuole Paramecium contractile vacuole Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles • Summary – Organelles of the endomembrane system – – – – – – Nuclear envelope Edoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Vacuoles Flight through an Animal Cell Animation 39 sec. Hard drive ..\..\Biology Clipart and sounds\Biology movies and animations\animal cell journey movie.mov Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Organelles • Mitochondria – “Powerhouse” of cell – Oval shaped, with cristae – Produce ATP-cell respiration – Cells that use more energy have more – Can self replicate, have own DNA – From mother – Originally thought to be an invading bacteria Mills Biology 2002 The Cytoplasm- Mills Biology 2002 Mitochondria animation Hard drive ..\..\Biology\Biology Clipart Movies Animations Sounds\Biology movies\mitochondria video animation.mov Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles • Plastids – Found only in photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms – not in fungi or animals – Two types • Leukoplasts – Colorless – store things, like starch in a potato » amyloplast • Chromoplasts – Contain pigments – give color – Chloroplasts most important chromoplast » Contain green pigment chlorophyll » Contain own DNA (like mitochondria) Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Organelles Chromoplast Most familiar one is a chloroplast chlorophyll is here. Leukoplast Mills Biology 2002 Plant cell TEMx 7260. Plastids yellow. Mitochondria red.David Kunkel Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton • Cytoskeleton – Supports and organizes – Contains three types of elements • Microfilaments (actin filaments) • Intermediate tubules • Microtubules Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton • Microfilaments – Long, thin rods of actin – Interact with motor molecules, myosin – Structural and mobility • Under plasma membrane • In microvilli • Allow formation of pseudopods • Aid cytokinesis Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton • Intermediate filaments – Ropelike polypeptide – Support cell and nuclear membranes – Help in formation of cell to cell junctions – Give mechanical strength to skin (keratin) – Can assemble and disassemble as needed Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton • Microtubules – Made of globular protein, tubulin – Assembled in the microtubule organizing center (MTOC), which in eukaryotic cells is a structure called the centrosome – stiffer, help maintain shape – Dynamic, assemble and disassemble – help move organelles within cells – With help of motor molecules kenesin and dynein – Component of centriole, cilia and flagella Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton • Centrioles – – – – Composed of microtubules Near Golgi and nucleus Non membranous Most cells have 2 that lay at right angles to each other – Centrioles made of nine microtubule triplets • 9 + 0 pattern of microtubules (9 triplets and zero central microtubules) – Function to separate chromosomes during mitosis Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton • Cilia • Flagella – large numbers on free – longer surfaces of some cells – usually only one per cell – tiny, hairlike, attached – undulating, wavelike to basal body motion propels the cell – arranged in rows – sperm, one celled – “to and fro” motion organism – respiratory tract and Both arise from basal body. digestive tracts of animalsBoth have 9 +2 microtubule pattern. – propel(9other doublets arranged around 2 central microtubules.) substances along cell Mills Biology 2002 Both made of of microtubules. 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton Basal body has 9 triplets arranged in a circle – same as centrioles. May arise from centrioles CILIA Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton CILIA Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton Mills Biology 2002 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton FLAGELLA on sperm cells Mills Biology 2002 What is it? Cilia cross section TEM x 199,500. Notice 9,2 arrangement. David Kunkel Mills Biology 2002 Flagella and Cilia Animation Mills Biology 2002 ..\..\Biology\Biology Clipart Movies Animations Sounds\Biology movies\flagellum and cilia movie.swf 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Origins of the Eukaryotic Cell • Endosymbiotic theory – Endosymbiosis • One cell lives inside another to the mutual benefit of both. • Mitochondria and chloroplasts may have been bacteria that entered cell. Mills Biology 2002 Mills Biology 2002 Read Connecting the Concepts pg 81 The End Mills Biology 2002