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Transcript
Chapter 7 A View of the Cell Questions from Chapter 7 Outline 1. WHO INVENTED THE MICROSCOPE? 2. NAME THE COMMON MICROSCOPE USED BY BIOLOGIST? 3. STATE THE CELL THEORY. 4. NAME A MICROSCOPE THAT IS POWERFUL AND USES MAGNETS. 5. WHAT ARE LITTLE ORGANS IN THE CELL CALLED? 6. WHAT TYPE OF CELLS HAS A TRUE NUCLEUS? 7. WHAT TYPE OF CELLS HAVE NO TRUE NUCLEUS? 8. WHAT STRUCTURE IN THE CELL CONTROLS ALL CELL ACTIVITY? 9. WHAT STURCTURE HELPS MAINTAINS A BALANCE? 10. THE MODEL OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANCE IS CALLED WHAT? 11. NAME 5 STRUCTURES IN THE CELL AND GIVE THEIR FUNCTION. I. A View of the Cell” A. The cell is the basic units of living organisms. B. Cell Theory 1. Robert Hooke: coined the term “cell”. He was actually looking at cell walls. 2. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: developed the first microscope 3. Felix DuJardin: single cell organism are self-sufficient living organisms 4. Mathias Schleiden: botanist, stated all plants are made up of cells 5. Theordore Schwann: zoologist, stated all animals are made up of cells. 6. Rudoulf Virchow: stated all living cells come from other living cells. The Cell Theory C. They (Schleiden/Schwann) proposed that: 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms 3. All cells come from preexisting cells II. Microscopes A. B. C. Compound Light Microscope —can magnify up to 1,500 times—used to view living cells, small organisms and preserved cells SEM (scanning electron microscope) — can magnify up to 60,000 times—used to view surface of cells TEM (transmission electron microscope) —can magnify up hundreds of thousands of times—used to view structures inside the cell III. Inside the Cell A. Felix DuJardin studied cells of single-celled organisms. He found they were self-sufficient living organisms. B. Nucleus: made up of proteins, enzymes and hereditary material. It is the “Control Center” of the cell. The nucleus directs all activities of the cell. C. Nucleolus: Plays an indirect role in making proteins. Found inside the nucleus. D. Nuclear Membrane: Enables the nucleus to maintain a different environment. E. Organelles: Organized structures within the cells. Term means “Little Organs”. They carry out life functions of the cell. Inside The Cell IV. Cellular Framework and Movement. A. Cytoskeleton: framework of a cell. – 2 Parts • Microfilaments: Provides structural support and assist cell movement. • Microtubules: help organelles move in the cell. MOVEMENT External appendages that aid in movement B. Flagella: whip like structure C. Cilia: hair like structure V. Other Cellular Organelles. A. B. C. D. E. Chlorophyll: Green pigment in plants. Chloroplast: contains the green pigment used in photosynthesis. (only in plants) Cell wall: provides protection and support for the cell. (Plants only) Cell membrane or plasma membrane: found in plants and animals. Function is to regulate movement of materials in and out of the cell. “Gate keeper” and “Maintains Homeostasis” Nuclear membrane: Enables the nucleus to maintain a different environment. More Organelles in the Cell F. G. H. I. Cytoplasm: clear gel-like material. Carries on anaerobic respiration. (Life functions are carried out in the cytoplasm) Golgi Bodies: Packages substances that are to be secreted from the cell. “Protein Package Station” Centrioles: (Animals only) important in reproduction and cell division Ribosomes: site for making proteins. “Protein Factory” More Cell Organelles J. K. L. Endoplasmic Reticulum: Involved in protein production and transport. (2 types Smooth and Rough) Ribosomes attached to the Rough ER Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration “Power House” HAS ITS’ OWN DNA Vacuole: storage of food, enzymes and things needed by the cell. “Store House” – ***Generally large in plant cells.*** M. Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes sometimes referred to as “suicide sacs” VI. Two Types of Cells 1. Prokaryotes: nucleus not enclosed in a nuclear membrane. 2. Eukaryotes: have organelles and nucleus is enclosed in a membrane. VII. Cellular Levels of Organization. Cells Tissues Organs Organ System Organism VIII. A. B. C. The Plasma Membrane In order for cells to live, they must be in balance with the environment around them. This balance is homeostasis. It is the job of the plasma membrane to maintain homeostasis “steady state” It allows a steady supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, lipids….etc to pass in and out of the cell. IX. Plasma Membrane A. Selective permeability: Allows some molecules to pass through while keeping other out. ex. screen in window on a house B. Cells exist in a water environment (inside &outside) water can flow freely in and out of the cell X. Structure of the Plasma Membrane A. Phospholipid (double layer) p. 177 1. Polar Head (phosphate) (head is hydrophilic…-love water) 2. Nonpolar Tail (fatty acid) (tail is hydrophobic…-avoids water) B. The model of the plasma membrane is called the fluid mosaic model —because it is flexible (it can move and flow), also transport proteins in the membrane move materials (food/waste)… Word Bank for Video “Cells, the Building Blocks of Life” Prokaryote Homeostasis Lysosomes Active Transport Golgi Bodies Ribosomes Enzymes Chloroplasts Photosynthesis DNA Microtubles Diffusion Flagella Mitochondria Glucose Endoplasmic Reticulum Coenzymes Cytoplasm Stimuli Cell Vacuoles Cilia Eukaryote Chloroplasts Nucleus ATP PARTS OF THE CELL Directions: Match the descriptions with the correct organelle ____1. holds nucleus together ____2. surface for chemical activity ____3. units of heredity ____4. digestion center ____5. where proteins are made ____6. structures involved in mitosis in animal cells only ____7. hollow cylinder that supports and shapes cell ____8. shapes and supports a plant cell ____9. stores and releases chemicals ____10. food for plant cells is made here ____11. spherical body within nucleus ____12. maintains homeostasis ____13. traps light and is used to produce food for plants ____14. chromosomes are found here ____15. jellylike substance within cell ____16. contains code which guides all cell activities ____17. minute hole in nuclear membrane ____18. “powerhouse” of cell (has its’ own DNA) ____19. contains water and dissolved minerals ____20. stores food or contains pigment A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. WORD BANK Golgi Bodies K. Chloroplasts Nucleus L. Cell/Plasma Membrane Chromosomes M. Cell Wall Vacuole N. Mitochondria Ribosomes O. Lysosome Endoplasmic Reticulum P. Genes Nuclear Membrane Q. Nuclear Pore Centrioles R. Nucleolus Cytoplasm S. Plastid Chlorophyll T. Microtubule Quiz “View of the Cell” Chp. 1 Matching 1. Invented the first microscope. 2. Controls the activities of the cell “control center” 3. ___ cells contain membrane-bound organelles. 4. Stated all animals have cells 5. All cells come from preexisting ___. 6. Coined the term “cell” 7. Stated all living cells come from other living cells. 8. Short, hair like structures… (used in movement) 9. The __ is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms. 10. Gives structure and support ( in plant cell only) 11. Stated that one-cell organisms are self-sufficient living things. 12. Any substance that forms hydrogen ions in water. 13. __ are small, specialized structures found in cells. 14. Four macromolecules important to life 15. Used to enlarge objects 16. The pH scale 17. Stated all plants have cells 18. Movement from an area of high concentration to low concentration 19. Four elements found in living things 20. Long projection… whip like structure (used in movement) 21. Green pigment in plants 22. Stores food, water … “Storehouse 23. Has its own DNA “Powerhouse” 24. All organisms are composed of one or more ____. 25. ___ cells do not contain any membrane-bound organelles. TERMS A. Theodor Schwann A. Felix DuJardin B. Robert Hooke B. Chlorophyll C. Mathias Schleiden C. Cells D. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek D. Mitochondria E. Rudolf Virchow E. Prokaryotic A. Eukaryotes A. Cilia B. Vacuole B. Flagella C. Organelles C. Microscope D. Nucleus D. (0-14) E. Cell Wall E. (1 -7 – 14) Chp. 7 Vocabulary Test 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. A. B. C. D. E. A. B. C. D. E. A. B. C. D. Applied Biology Chemistry Coined the term “cell” Invented the first microscope Stated that single cell organisms are self-sufficient living things. Stated all animals have cells Stated all plants have cells Stated all cell come from existing cells Clear gel-like substance Involved in protein productions and transport Movement of water molecules “Powerhouse” Has its’ own DNA Packages substances that are to be secreted from the cell Organized structures in the cell “Little Organs” “Center of control” controls all the cell activities Site of protein synthesis Provides protection and support for the cell (Plant Only) “Store House” stores food, water, waste…. Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration A cell without membrane-bound organelles A cell with membrane-bound organelles Contains digestive enzymes “suicide sacs” Enables the nucleus to maintain a different environment Maintains homeostasis in the cell Projections that move with a whip-like motion Short, numerous, hair-like projections that allow movement Green pigment in plants Aides in transport…site of cellular chemical reactions WORD BANK Cell Wall E. Endoplasmic Reticulum Chlorophyll A. Lysosome Chloroplast B. Flagella Cytoplasma C. Nuclear Membrane Chromosome D. Plasma Membrane Prokaryote E. Golgi Apparatus Eukaryote A. Matthias Schleiden Mitochondria B. Robert Hooke Nucleus C. Antan Van Leeuwenhoek Organelles D. Theodor Schwann Ribosomes E. Rudolf Virchow Vacuole A. Felix DeJardin Diffusion B. Centrioles Osmosis C. Nucleolus