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Transcript
Cell Structures 7-2 Cell Structures • The cell has many parts that work together like a machine in order to carry out all of it’s life processes • They all have unique and specialized functions that the cell could not do without Cell Wall • In some cells, mainly plants and bacteria a cell wall may be found • The cell wall is responsible for providing rigid support and protection for the cell • It is located outside of the cell membrane Nucleus • The nucleus controls most cell processes and contains the hereditary information of DNA • The nucleus has many parts that work together to make up the full nucleus Nucleus • The outer most part of the nucleus is called the nuclear envelope • The nuclear envelope is responsible for movement of RNA in and out of the cell Nucleus • The nucleolus is a small dense region inside the nucleus • It has recently been discovered that the nucleolus is the plays a role in ribosome construction Nucleus • Inside the nucleus is the genetic material of a cell • This genetic material is called chromatin • During cell replication it will coil tightly and condense creating chromosomes Cytoskeleton • Many cells have a special structure called the cytoskeleton • The cytoskeleton is the frame work of a cell that is made of protein filaments and helps maintain shape and cell movement Cytoskeleton • The cytoskeleton has two main parts • The microtubules and microfilaments Cytoskeleton • The microtubules are hollow tubes of protein that help maintain shape and serve as a set of “tracks” for organelle movement • Microfilaments are long thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell Organelles in the cytoplasm • The cytoplasm is the home for many of the cells organelles • This includes the ribosomes, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria Ribosomes • Ribosomes are very small organelles which are located in the cytoplasm and on parts of the ER • They are the makers of proteins and get their instructions in the form of a coded message from the nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • The ER is the organelle in which the components for the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are altered • There are two kinds of ER • Rough ER and Smooth ER • Rough ER has Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Rough ER and Smooth ER • Rough ER has ribosomes and Smooth ER does not Golgi Apparatus • Proteins that are made by the Rough ER are moved into a stack of membranes called the golgi apparatus • Enzymes in the golgi apparatus attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins Lysosomes • Lysosomes are small organelles that are filled with enzymes • These enzymes break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from food into particles that can be used in other parts of the cell Vacuoles • Cells often store materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates for later use • They are stored in sacs called vacuoles • In plants the vacuoles are much larger than animal cells Chloroplasts • Chloroplasts are mainly found in plants • They are not in animal cells or fungi • Their job is to use the energy from sunlight to make energy rich food molecules known as chlorophyll Mitochondria • Mitochondria are organelles that release energy from stored food molecules • They are often called the “power house” of the cell because they provide energy for other cell processes