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CH 3 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Eukaryotic Cell Structures
Eukaryotic Cell Structures
Structures within a eukaryotic cell that
perform important cellular functions are
known as organelles.
Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cell
into two major parts: the nucleus and
the cytoplasm.
The Cytoplasm is the portion of the cell
outside the nucleus.
Eukaryotic Cell Structures
Plant Cell
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Nuclear envelope
Ribosome (free)
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosome
(attached)
Golgi
apparatus
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Eukaryotic Cell Structures
Animal Cell
Nucleolus
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosome (free)
Cell membrane
Ribosome
(attached)
Centrioles
Mitochondrion
Golgi
apparatus
Comparing the Cell to a
Factory
Organelles
 Specialized structures
Cytoplasm


Portion of the cell outside the nucleus
Consists mostly of water
Nucleus
 Main Office
 Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA & w/ coded
instructions for making proteins & other
important molecules
Nucleus
The Nucleus
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear
pores
Nucleus
 Nuclear Envelope



Surrounds the nucleus
Composed of two membranes
Allows messages to enter & leave the main
office
Nucleus
 Chromatin



Granular material seen in the nucleus
Consists of DNA bound to protein
Condenses to form chromosomes when a cell
divides
Nucleus
 Nucleolus


Small, dense region in the nuclei
Where assembly of ribosomes begins
Ribosomes
 Small machine in the factory


Proteins are assembled on the ribosomes
Small particles of RNA and protein are found
throughout the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)


The site where lipid components of the cell
membrane are assembled, along w/
proteins & other materials that are exported
from the cell
There are 2 types of ER:
1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum




Rough ER
Portion of ER involved in
the synthesis of proteins
Named b/c ribosomes
attach to it
Newly made proteins
leave these ribsomes &
are inserted into the rough
ER, for chemical
modification
2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Contains enzymes that perform specialized
tasks
Golgi Apparatus


Customization Shop –
finishing touches & then
shipped
Modifies, sorts, &
packages proteins & other
materials from the ER for
storage in the cell or
secretion outside the cell
Lysosomes
 Clean up crew, removes
“junk”
 Small organelles filled
w/ enzymes
 Functions include
digestion or breakdown
of carbohydrates, lipids
& proteins
Vacuoles
 Storage center
 Sac-like
structure that
stores water,
salts, proteins &
carbohydrates
Vacuoles
In many plant cells
there is a single, large
central vacuole filled
with liquid.
Vacuole
Vacuoles
Contractile vacuole
Vacuoles are also
found in some
unicellular organisms
and in some animals.
The paramecium
contains a contractile
vacuole that pumps
excess water out of the
cell.
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts

Mitochondria



Power plant
Organelles that convert chemical energy stored in
food into compounds that are more convenient for
the cell to use
Chloroplasts


Solar power plant
Organelles that capture the energy from sunlight &
convert it into chemical energy in a process called
photosynthesis
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
Cytoskeleton



Support beams
Network of protein filaments that helps the
cell to maintain its shape
Also involved in movement
The cytoskeleton is made up of:


microfilaments
microtubules
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
Cell membrane
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles are located near the nucleus and
help to organize cell division.
Cell Organelle Interactive
Plant and Animal Model Interactive
The Cell
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
 Has a nucleus
 Single celled organism
 Organelles to carry out
 Lacks a nucleus & other
specialized functions
 Flagella or cilia
compartments
 Can not carry out many
specialized functions
 Flagella
Comparison of Plant and Animal Cells
 Plant has:
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Regular/Box-like shape
Large Central Vacuole
Animal Cell has:
Centrioles
Irregular shape
Small vacuoles called vesicles
END OF SECTION