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Transcript
• AIM: How did Scientists discover cells? • DO NOW: List at least 3 cells in your body and explain their function. • HW: textbook page 153 reading check question The Cell • Basic unit of life • Building block of all living things • Carries out all chemical processes of life (metabolism) Single celled organisms Multicellular organisms How were cells discovered? Scientists researched by developing and using microscopes Wednesday 11/7/12 • AIM: How did Scientists discover cells? • DO NOW: Explain why a cell is the basic unit of life • HW: Text Read page 146 B and 151-152. Reading Check page 151 • Quarterly Exam Next Thursday 11/15/12 • First day of school-the cell Who discovered the first microscope 1590 Hans and Zacharias Janssen It is not quite certain who invented the microscope Robert Hooke discovered cell 1605-1703 1605 Robert Hooke • Looked at cork plant • Noticed it was separated into tiny compartments which resembled jail cell One of the first users discovered protozoa Anton von Leeuwenhoek Ground up glass 1676 Anton von Leewenhoek • Discovered living things in pond water • Small single celled organisms 1839 Theodor Schwann • Looked at animal tissue and saw that animals also were made up of cells Theodor Schwann • Discovered cells which surround and support nerve cells in a human being • Called them Schwann cells 1881 Matthias Schleiden • Looked at the details of animal cells • Animal cells are made up of tiny units called organelles Francisco Redi • Living things come from other living things • Maggots come from flies which lay eggs on decaying meat 1855 Rudolf Virchow • Cells come from preexisting cells Development of the cell theory • With all of the research and discoveries made through the years, scientists developed an explanation or theory about living things • This was called the cell theory The Cell Theory: an explanation of living things • All living organisms are composed of one or more cells • The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms • Cells come from preexisting cells Assessment • In your own words explain how the cell theory was developed Tuesday 11/13/12 • AIM: How are eukaryotes different from prokaryotes? • DO NOW: do you have any characteristics in common with a plant cell? Mold? Ameba? If so what are they? • Homework: Text page 150 Using words questions 1 and 2 Tuesday 11/13/12 • AIM: How were cells discovered? • DO NOW: The Cell Theory Handout • Homework: Text Read pages 146B and 151152. • Q1:Reading Check on page 152. • Q2:Who is Lynn Margulus? • Q3:What is the Endosymbiont theory? Compound Light Microscope Compound light microscope • Uses a beam of light to magnify an image • Uses 2 magnifying lenses – Objective lense – Ocular lense • Total magnification= magnification of the objective lens x magnification of theocular lens • Magnifies 40-400 times • Allows us to view large parts or organelles of the cell Wednesday 11/14/12 • AIM: How are eukarytoes different from prokaryotes? • DO NOW: Explain how the compound light microscope helps us investigate the cell. • HOMEWORK: Text page 150 questions 1 and 2 Electron Microscopes • Most modern microscopes • Use a beam of electrons to make the object extremely bright • Magnifies 1,000,000 x • Can not see living material • Used to see extremely small details and parts of a cell – – Types of Electron Microscopes Transmission Scanning Electron Microscopes • Transmission electron Microscope – Can only created a 2D image or flat image • Scanning Electron electron Microscope – Scans the surface of a cell – Creates a 3D image Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) • Scans the surface of a specimen with a beam of electrons • Creates a 3d image • Magnify up to 200,000 times Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) • Beam of electrons transmits through the entire specimen • If electrons can pass through the specimen it creates a light and dark image • Thicker parts of the specimen are darker than thinner parts • Total magnification of 200,000 x • Explain the difference between the light and electron microscopes Wednesday 11/14/12 • AIM: How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ? • DO NOW: do you have any characteristics in common with a plant cell? Mold? Ameba? If so what are they? • Homework:. Text page 150 Using words questions 1 and 2 The cell: • the basic unit of life Lynn Margulus • Endosymbiont theory: eukaryotes develop from a symbiotic relationship between prokaryotes • Evidence: chloroplast and mitochondria • 2 basic types of cells • Prokaryote – No nucleus • There are no separations between each of its parts – Ex:Bacteria » Archaebacteria • Eukaryote – True nucleus: DNA is surrounded by a membrane • Ex: – Plant, Animal, Fungus, Monera Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archae Prokaryote (Greek - Before Nucleus) Prokaryotes were first group of organic organisms to evolve 3.8 BYA Prokaryote cells lack membrane organelles Reproduce asexually by division Prokaryotes: Bacteria Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) Archaebacteria: Live in extreme environments • "methane-makers" – live in swamps, mud, sewage, and animal guts • "salt-lovers" – salt lakes, volcanic vents on the seafloor • "heat-lovers" – hot springs and other very hot places such as the thermal vents of the sea floor where temperatures exceed 110o Eukaryotic cells There are 2 types we will discuss, plants and animal cells Plant, Animal, Protists, Fungi All contain membrane bound organelles Organelle: tiny organ All eukaryotic cells are surrounded by an extra cellular matrix Eukaryote: Animal Cell Eukaryote: Plant Cell The cell: the basic unit of life Prokaryote Eukaryote How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different? Organization of the nucleus Cell size Membrane bound organelles Cell types • Prokaryote – Kingdom Monera • Bacteria • Archaebacteria • Eukaryote – – – – Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plant Kingdom Animal What do all eukaryotic cells have in common? Membrane bound organelles Eukaryote • Multi or Single celled organisms – Protista • Parmecium • Ameba – Fungi • Yeast • Mushrooms – Animal – Plant Assessment • Create a table showing the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Differences between prokaryote and eukaryotes • Prokaryote Smaller Simpler cells No Nucleus No membrane bound organelles • • • • • Eukaryote Large Complex True nucleus All membrane bound organelles Friday 11/16/12 • AIM: How can we compare plant and animal cells? • DO NOW: What is an organelle? • How are multicellular organisms (like the human) organized • Explain the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote cell • HW: Text read pages 155 questions 2 and 4 Levels of organization of Animals • • • • • Cell: basic unit of life Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Animal vs Plant cell Monday 11/19/12 • AIM: how do the organelles in a eukaryote cell help to make the cell one functioning unit? • DO NOW: Where is the DNA found in a prokaryote? In a eukaryote? • How did the very first eukaryote develop? • HOMEWORK: Due Wednesday go to the website cellsalive.com • List and give the function of each organelle you view Tuesday 11/20/12 • AIM: ho do plant and animal cells differ? • DO NOW: Handout Label the parts of the plant and animal cell Label organelles 12-21 • 2- Label the parts of the animal and plant cells • HOMEWORK: Cellsalive.com Homework Due Monday 11/26/12 • Log on to cellsalive.com • In the left hand tool bar under Interactive choose cell models • Read the introduction and choose take me to the animation • View both the plant and animal cells • Create a table listing the structure and function of each organelle The eukaryote organelles • Organelle Name • • • • • • • • • • • • Nucleus nucleolus cytosol Centrosome Centriole Golgi Lysosome Peroxisome Secretory vesicle Cell membrane Mitochondria Vacuole Cell wall chloroplast Structure Function The eukaryote organelles • Organelle Name • • • • Smooth ER Rough ER Ribosome Cytoskeleton Structure Function • Cells Cells - Parts of the Cell Rap - YouTube The nucleus Largest organelles The brain of the cell Control center of the cell House genetic information Nucleolus: RNA synthesis Nuclear envelope Nuclear pores The nucleus • Chromosomes are made up of DNA • DNA carries genes • Genes code for physical traits Cell membrane Plasma membrane Phospholipid bilayer Surrounds the entire cell creating a barrier Controls movement of molecules into and out of the cell protection Embedded with proteins and cholesterol molecule Creates a barrier Fluid Mosaic Cytoplasm Jelly like material found throughout the cell Holds all organelles Many chemical processes take place in the cytoplasm Made mostly of water Houses many molecules ,ions etc. Ribosomes Small organelles Make proteins from amino acids Free or bound to ER Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough endoplasmic Reticulum: embedded with ribosomes: protein synthesis Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: production of lipids Golgi apparatus Modifies, Packages and transports proteins to parts of the cell by vesicle formation Exports carbohydrates and lipids out of the cell Vesicle Enclose substances that are being transported around the cell Bud off of golgi apparatus Travel through the cell Lysosomes Animal cells only Enzyme filled sacs Usually used for food digestion and waste removal Break down and digest broken organelles Mitochondria Large organelles Contain their own DNA Power house of the cell Perform Cellular Respiration Double membrane structure The more energy a cell needs, the more mitochondria it has The cytoskeleton Network of protein fibers Provide structure, support, transport Centrosome or centrioles Animal cell only Found outside the nucleus until cell division Help in cell division Move to opposite ends or poles during cell division Practice Questions • Which organelle contains the enzymes necessary to synthesize ATP? • Which organelle receives, modifies and packages important cellular molecules? Plants ONLY: chloroplast Double membrane Contains chlorophyll: green pigment that absorbs light Photosynthesis Also have their own DNA Central Vacuole Small vacuoles are in both Plant and Animal cells Plants have a Very LARGE central vacuole that stores cell sap Cell sap contains: water, nutrients, ions Cell Wall Plant cells only Surrounds the plasma membrane Made of Cellulose polysaccharides Very strong provides structure and protection Can be seen with a compound light microscope Cilia and flagella For single cells, enable entire cell to swim For cells in a tissue, move liquid over the surface of the cell Cilia Line membranes exposed to the environment The endomembrane system • Genes: hold the code to build a protein – Located in the nucleus • Proteins are made in the ribosome • Nuclear membrane is connected to the membrane of the ER which communicates directly with the golgi bodies • AIM:Why are chloroplasts and mitochondria unique organelles? • DO NOW: Review your notes from last week. Explain the Endosymbiont Theory • HW: Textbook Read 201 • -203. Reading Check pg • 203. Question 2 pg 207 • Chloroplast and Mitochondria • Evidence to Endosymbiont Theory • Larger organism providing the smaller with nutrients • The smaller organism providing food and energy • DNA in chloroplast and mitochondria is circular similar to prokaryote • Chloroplast and mitochondria divide by binary fission Chloroplasts and Mitochondria • cellular organelles that may really be separate organisms • contain their own DNA • reproduce independently within cells • • In your own words explain how the chloroplast and mitochondria give evidence to the endosymbiont theory