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Transcript
INSIDE THE CELL Yellow –Headings Red – Vocabulary Purple – Important Stuff Cell Diversity and Size INTERNAL ORGANIZATION • ORGANELLES: – CELL COMPONENT THAT PERFORMS SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE CELL EUKARYOTES • ORGANISMS WHOSE CELLS CONTAIN: – MEMBRANEBOUND NUCLEUS – OTHER ORGANELLES PROKARYOTES • UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS THAT LACK A MEMBRANEBOUND NUCLEUS • LACK OTHER ORGANELLES Fossil algae 2 billion years old (left) and living algae (right). Note the similarities in appearance. Interspersed among the living algae are chains of rod-shaped bacteria. • EXAMPLE= BLUEGREEN ALGAE & BACTERIUM INSIDE THE CELL • CYTOPLASM: – B/T THE NUCLEUS AND THE CELL MEMBRANE – WHERE THE ORGANELLES ARE LOCATED CYTOSOL: – GELATIN-LIKE FLUID THAT SURROUNDS THE ORGANELLES NUCLEUS: – LARGE – NEAR CENTER OF CELL – CONTAINS MOST OF CELLS GENETIC INFO – DIRECTS MOST ACTIVITIES OF CELL • NUCLEAR MATRIX= PROTEIN SKELETON • NUCLEAR ENVELOPE= DOUBLE MEMBRANE AROUND NUCLEUS • CHROMATIN= COMBO OF DNA & PROTEIN (stretched out chromosome) • CHROMOSOME= DENSELY PACKED (“X”) CHROMATIN • NUCLEAR PORE= SMALL HOLES (EXIT) • NUCLEOLUS= RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS, PRODUCTION MITOCHONDRIA • THE “MIGHTY MOUSE” OF THE CELL!!! • CONTAIN THEIR OWN DNA • SURROUNDED BY A DOUBLE MEMBRANE • NEW MITO. MADE WHEN EXISTING ONES GROW AND DIVIDE • TRANSFER ENERGY FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS TO ATP VIA CHEMICAL RXN’S • ATP = (AdenosineTriPhosphate) MOLECULE THAT MOST CELLS USE AS ENERGY CURRENCY • CAR (MITOCHONDRIA) • GASOLINE (CHEMICAL RXN) • GAS + ENGINE = CAR STARTS (ATP MADE) • CAR RUNS (ENERGY) MITOCHONDRIA IN HUMAN LIVER CELL • SURROUNDED BY: 2 MEMBRANES – OUTER & INNER • CRISTAE: – THE LONG FOLDS INSIDE THE INNER FOLD – ENLARGE SURFACE AREA OF INNER MEMBRANE – CHEMICAL RXNS TAKE PLACE RIBOSOMES • MOST NUMEROUS ORGANELLE IN THE CELL • NO MEMBRANE • 60% RNA AND 40% PROTEINS MAKE UP RIBOSOME'S Electron Micrograph of ribosomes. The ribosomes operate in chains when translating a mRNA. • PRODUCED & ASSEMBLED IN THE NUCLEOLUS • Many Proteins are produced by a specialized cell, e.g. antibodies – transported and used elsewhere in the organism • WHEN RIBOSOMES ARE ATTACHED TO ER: – PROTEINS INSERTED TO MEMBRANES – PROTEINS EXPORTED FROM CELL Proteins being made by DNA Amino acids attach to the other end of our translators to form a chain. This chain is now a protein, and can be used by the body. PROTEIN CHAIN JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK RIBOSOMES HELP MAKE THE PROTEIN CHAIN ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) • A SYSTEM OF MEMBRANE BOUND SACS AND TUBULES • INTRACELLULAR “HIGHWAY” – MOLECULES MOVE FROM ONE PART OF CELL TO ANOTHER • 2 TYPES OF ER: – SMOOTH ER= (no ribosomes) – ROUGH ER= (COVERED W/RIBOSOMES) ROUGH ER: SMOOTH ER: • INVOLVED IN • IN CELLS THAT PRODUCTION MAKE A LOT OF (SYNTHESIS) OF PROTEINS STEROID GLAND • USED FOR EXPORT CELLS OUT OF THE CELL • REGULATION OF CALCIUM LEVELS • ALSO TO BE • BREAKDOWN OF INSERTED INTO TOXIC THE CELL SUBSTANCES BY MEMBRANE LIVER CELLS ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER GOLGI APPARATUS • PROCESSING • PACKAGING • SECRETING ORGANELLE • SYSTEM OF MEMBRANES “PANCAKES” • SERIES OF FLATTENED SACS W/CONVEX SHAPE IN THE CYTOSOL • MODIFIES PROTEINS FOR EXPORT BY CELL LYSOSOME • SMALL • SPHERICAL ORGANELLE • ENCLOSE ENZYMES W/I SINGLE MEMBRANES • DIGEST PROTEIN, CARBS., LIPIDS, DNA, RNA – SOMETIMES DIGEST: OLD ORGANELLES, VIRUSES, BACTERIA THAT WERE INGESTED • RARE IN PLANT CELLS • LET’S TAKE A LOOK AT ALL OF THE ORGANELLES WE HAVE TALKED ABOUT SO FAR. CAN YOU TELL ME THE MAIN FUNCTION OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING: 1. NUCLEUS a. NUCLEOLUS 2. ER a. THE 2 TYPES 3. RIBOSOME 4. MITOCHONDRIA a. CRISTAE 5. LYSOSOME 6. GOLGI APPARATUS CYTOSKELETON • NETWORK OF LONG PROTEIN STRANDS IN THE CYTOSOL • NO MEMBRANE • AIDS IN MOVEMENT OF ORGANELLES • MICROFILAMENTS: – THREADS OF A PROTEIN CALLED ACTIN. – SMALLEST STRAND MAKES UP CYTOSKELETON MICROTUBLES: • LARGEST STRANDS • HOLLOW TUBES • WHEN CELL IS ABOUT TO DIVIDE BUNDLES COME TOGETHER AND EXTEND ACROSS THE CELL SPINDLE FIBERS: • THICK BUNDLES • ASSIST IN MOVEMENT OF CHROMOSOME DURING CELL DIVISION HOW CELLS MOVE • CELLS USE HAIRLIKE STRUCTURES THAT EXTEND FROM THE SURFACE OF THE CELL • SHORT & IN LARGE QUANTITIES = CILIA • LONG & LESS NUMEROUS = FLAGELLA