Download Inside the Cell robin revised

INSIDE THE CELL
Yellow –Headings
Red – Vocabulary
Purple – Important Stuff
Cell Diversity and Size
INTERNAL ORGANIZATION
• ORGANELLES:
– CELL COMPONENT THAT PERFORMS SPECIFIC
FUNCTIONS FOR THE CELL
EUKARYOTES
• ORGANISMS
WHOSE CELLS
CONTAIN:
– MEMBRANEBOUND
NUCLEUS
– OTHER
ORGANELLES
PROKARYOTES
• UNICELLULAR
ORGANISMS
THAT LACK A
MEMBRANEBOUND NUCLEUS
• LACK OTHER
ORGANELLES
Fossil algae 2 billion years old (left) and
living algae (right). Note the similarities
in appearance. Interspersed among the
living algae are chains of rod-shaped
bacteria.
• EXAMPLE= BLUEGREEN ALGAE &
BACTERIUM
INSIDE THE CELL
• CYTOPLASM:
– B/T THE NUCLEUS
AND THE CELL
MEMBRANE
– WHERE THE
ORGANELLES ARE
LOCATED
CYTOSOL:
– GELATIN-LIKE FLUID
THAT SURROUNDS
THE ORGANELLES
NUCLEUS:
– LARGE
– NEAR CENTER
OF CELL
– CONTAINS MOST
OF CELLS
GENETIC INFO
– DIRECTS MOST
ACTIVITIES OF
CELL
• NUCLEAR MATRIX=
PROTEIN SKELETON
• NUCLEAR ENVELOPE=
DOUBLE MEMBRANE
AROUND NUCLEUS
• CHROMATIN= COMBO
OF DNA & PROTEIN
(stretched out chromosome)
• CHROMOSOME=
DENSELY PACKED (“X”)
CHROMATIN
• NUCLEAR PORE=
SMALL HOLES (EXIT)
• NUCLEOLUS=
RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS,
PRODUCTION
MITOCHONDRIA
• THE “MIGHTY
MOUSE” OF THE
CELL!!!
• CONTAIN THEIR
OWN DNA
• SURROUNDED BY
A DOUBLE
MEMBRANE
• NEW MITO. MADE
WHEN EXISTING
ONES GROW AND
DIVIDE
• TRANSFER ENERGY
FROM ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS TO ATP
VIA CHEMICAL RXN’S
• ATP =
(AdenosineTriPhosphate)
MOLECULE THAT MOST
CELLS USE AS ENERGY
CURRENCY
• CAR (MITOCHONDRIA)
• GASOLINE (CHEMICAL
RXN)
• GAS + ENGINE = CAR
STARTS (ATP MADE)
• CAR RUNS (ENERGY)
MITOCHONDRIA IN HUMAN LIVER CELL
• SURROUNDED BY:
2 MEMBRANES
– OUTER & INNER
• CRISTAE:
– THE LONG FOLDS
INSIDE THE INNER
FOLD
– ENLARGE SURFACE
AREA OF INNER
MEMBRANE
– CHEMICAL RXNS
TAKE PLACE
RIBOSOMES
• MOST NUMEROUS
ORGANELLE IN
THE CELL
• NO MEMBRANE
• 60% RNA AND
40% PROTEINS
MAKE UP
RIBOSOME'S
Electron Micrograph of
ribosomes. The ribosomes
operate in chains when translating
a mRNA.
• PRODUCED &
ASSEMBLED IN THE
NUCLEOLUS
• Many Proteins are produced
by a specialized cell, e.g.
antibodies
– transported and used
elsewhere in the organism
• WHEN RIBOSOMES ARE
ATTACHED TO ER:
– PROTEINS INSERTED TO
MEMBRANES
– PROTEINS EXPORTED
FROM CELL
Proteins being made by DNA
Amino acids attach to the other end of our translators
to form a chain. This chain is now a protein, and can
be used by the body.
PROTEIN CHAIN
JHK
JHK JHK
JHK JHK
JHK
JHK
JHK JHK
JHK
JHK
JHK
JHK
RIBOSOMES HELP MAKE THE PROTEIN CHAIN
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
• A SYSTEM OF MEMBRANE BOUND SACS AND
TUBULES
• INTRACELLULAR “HIGHWAY”
– MOLECULES MOVE FROM ONE PART OF CELL
TO ANOTHER
• 2 TYPES OF ER:
– SMOOTH ER=
(no ribosomes)
– ROUGH ER=
(COVERED
W/RIBOSOMES)
ROUGH ER:
SMOOTH ER:
• INVOLVED IN
• IN CELLS THAT
PRODUCTION
MAKE A LOT OF
(SYNTHESIS) OF
PROTEINS
STEROID GLAND
• USED FOR EXPORT CELLS
OUT OF THE CELL • REGULATION OF
CALCIUM LEVELS
• ALSO TO BE
• BREAKDOWN OF
INSERTED INTO
TOXIC
THE CELL
SUBSTANCES BY
MEMBRANE
LIVER CELLS
ROUGH ER
SMOOTH ER
GOLGI APPARATUS
• PROCESSING
• PACKAGING
• SECRETING
ORGANELLE
• SYSTEM OF
MEMBRANES
“PANCAKES”
• SERIES OF
FLATTENED SACS
W/CONVEX SHAPE
IN THE CYTOSOL
• MODIFIES PROTEINS FOR EXPORT BY CELL
LYSOSOME
• SMALL
• SPHERICAL ORGANELLE
• ENCLOSE ENZYMES W/I
SINGLE MEMBRANES
• DIGEST PROTEIN, CARBS.,
LIPIDS, DNA, RNA
– SOMETIMES DIGEST:
OLD ORGANELLES,
VIRUSES, BACTERIA
THAT WERE INGESTED
• RARE IN PLANT CELLS
•
LET’S TAKE A LOOK AT
ALL OF THE ORGANELLES
WE HAVE TALKED ABOUT
SO FAR. CAN YOU TELL
ME THE MAIN FUNCTION
OF EACH OF THE
FOLLOWING:
1. NUCLEUS
a. NUCLEOLUS
2. ER
a. THE 2 TYPES
3. RIBOSOME
4. MITOCHONDRIA
a. CRISTAE
5. LYSOSOME
6. GOLGI APPARATUS
CYTOSKELETON
• NETWORK OF LONG
PROTEIN STRANDS IN
THE CYTOSOL
• NO MEMBRANE
• AIDS IN MOVEMENT
OF ORGANELLES
• MICROFILAMENTS:
– THREADS OF A
PROTEIN CALLED
ACTIN.
– SMALLEST STRAND
MAKES UP
CYTOSKELETON
MICROTUBLES:
• LARGEST STRANDS
• HOLLOW TUBES
• WHEN CELL IS ABOUT TO DIVIDE BUNDLES COME
TOGETHER AND EXTEND ACROSS THE CELL
SPINDLE FIBERS:
• THICK
BUNDLES
• ASSIST
IN MOVEMENT
OF
CHROMOSOME
DURING CELL
DIVISION
HOW CELLS MOVE
• CELLS USE HAIRLIKE STRUCTURES THAT
EXTEND FROM THE SURFACE OF THE CELL
• SHORT & IN LARGE
QUANTITIES
= CILIA
• LONG &
LESS
NUMEROUS
= FLAGELLA