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Transcript
3.1 Cell Theory KEY CONCEPT Cells are the Basic unit of life. 3.1 Cell Theory The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists and improvements in the microscope. 3.1 Cell Theory 3.1 Cell Theory 3.1 Cell Theory • The Cell theory has three principles. 1. All organisms are made of cells. 3.1 Cell Theory • The Cell theory has three principles. 1. All organisms are made of cells. 2. All existing cells are produced by other living cells. 3.1 Cell Theory The Cell theory has three principles. 1. All organisms are made of cells. 2. All existing cells are produced by other living cells. 3. The cell is the most basic unit of life. 3.1 Cell Theory • All cells share certain characteristics. 3.1 Cell Theory • All cells share certain characteristics. 1. Cells tend to be microscopic. Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) 3.1 Cell Theory • All cells share certain characteristics. 1. Cells tend to be microscopic. 2. All cells are enclosed by a membrane. cell membrane Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) 3.1 Cell Theory • All cells share certain characteristics. 1. Cells tend to be microscopic. 2. All cells are enclosed by a membrane. 3. All cells are filled with cytoplasm. cell membrane cytoplasm Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) 3.1 Cell Theory There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. 3.1 Cell Theory 3.1 Cell Theory • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. nucleus cell membrane 3.1 Cell Theory Eu = true • Karyote = nucleus • Eukaryotic cells also have membrane-bound organelles. • Ex: All animals & plants • Some single celled organisms nucleus organelles cell membrane 3.1 Cell Theory Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. nucleus organelles cell membrane 3.1 Cell Theory • • • Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles. Ex: bacteria nucleus organelles cell membrane cytoplasm 3.1 Cell Theory Differences between cells Size – limited by ratio between their outer surface area & their volume Shape – diversity of form reflects a diversity of function Internal Organization – organelles – perform specific functions for the cell Cell Membrane 3.1 3.3 Cell Theory 3.3 The cell membrane is a barrier that separates a cell from the external environment. 3.3Cell Cell Theory Membrane 3.1 The cell membrane has two major functions. – forms a boundary between inside and outside of the cell – controls passage of materials cell membrane 3.3 Cell Cell membrane 3.1 Theory Homeostasis • Cell membrane maintains a stable internal environment inside the cell – by allowing some molecules to pass through and not others • Selectively Permeable 3.3 Cell Cell Membrane 3.1 Theory The cell membrane is selectively permeable. Some molecules can cross the membrane while others cannot. 3.3Cell Cell Theory Membrane 3.1 The cell membrane is selectively permeable. Some molecules can cross the membrane while others cannot. Cell Membrane 3.13.3 Cell Theory Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers. • polar head (hydrophilic – likes water) • 2 nonpolar tails (hydrophobic – repelled by water) 3.3 Cell Cell Membrane 3.1 Theory Cell Membrane – Fluid Mosaic Model – constant motion • • the phospholipids move within the membrane Proteins in the membrane also move like boats Peripheral proteins – found on the inside & outside of the cell Integral proteins – extend through membrane 3.3Cell Cell Theory Membrane 3.1 Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell membrane. • Receptors bind with ligands and change shape. • There are two types of receptors. 3.3Cell Cell Theory Membrane 3.1 Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell membrane. • Receptors bind with ligands and change shape. • There are two types of receptors. – intracellular receptor – inside the cell 3.3Cell CellTheory Membrane 3.1 Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell membrane. • Receptors bind with ligands and change shape. • There are two types of receptors. – intracellular receptor – membrane receptor- integrated within membrane 3.3 Membrane 3.1 The CellCell Theory Insights into Cell Membrane via Dish Detergent 3.1 Cell Theory http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yAXnYcUjn5k&list=PL JicmE8fK0Ehrg3meytY7DT8LJiwuU3Th&index=52 3.2 Cell 3.1 CellOrganelles Theory 3.2 Eukaryotic cells share many similarities. 3.2 Cell Cell Organelles 3.1 Theory Cells have an internal structure - cytoskeleton 3.2Cell Cell Theory Organelle 3.1 Cells have an internal structure. • The cytoskeleton has many functions. 3.2 Cell 3.1 CellOrganelles Theory Cells have an internal structure. • The cytoskeleton has many functions. – supports and shapes cell 3.2 Cell Cell Organelles 3.1 Theory Cells have an internal structure. • The cytoskeleton has many functions. – supports and shapes cell – helps position and transport organelles 3.2 Cell Cell Organelles 3.1 Theory Cells have an internal structure. • The cytoskeleton has many functions. – supports and shapes cell – helps position and transport organelles – provides strength 3.2 Cell Cell Organelles 3.1 Theory Cells have an internal structure. • The cytoskeleton has many functions. – supports and shapes cell – helps position and transport organelles – provides strength – assists in cell division 3.2 Cell Cell Organelles 3.1 Theory Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes (cytoskeleton) 3.2 Cell 3.1 CellOrganelles Theory • Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes. – Centrioles help divide DNA. 3.2 Cell Cell Organelles 3.1 Theory • • Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes. – Centrioles help divide DNA. – Centrioles form cilia and flagella. Cilia & flagella assist in movement and feeding – Cilia – short, numerous hair-like extensions – Flagella – longer, move with a whip-like motion – cell usually only has 1 or 2 3.2 Cell 3.1 CellOrganelles Theory • The nucleus stores genetic information. 3.2 Cell Theory 3.1 Nuclear matrix – nucleus skeleton Nuclear envelope – double membrane Chromatin – strands of DNA Chromosomes – formed from chromatin during cell division Nuclear pores – small holes in the nuclear envelope Nucleolus – site where ribosomes are formed The Nucleus 3.13.2 Cell Theory 3.2 Cell 3.1 CellOrganelles Theory • Endoplasmic reticulum – Series of highly folded membranes 3.2 Cell 3.1 CellOrganelles Theory • There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. 3.2 3.1Cell CellOrganelles Theory There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum • covered in ribosomes makes proteins for use outside of the cell • 3.2 Cell 3.1 CellOrganelles Theory There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum 2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum • makes and stores steroids (lipids) • 3.2 3.1Cell CellOrganelles Theory • • Ribosomes link amino acids to form proteins. Free floating ribosomes make proteins for use inside of the cell cellTheory Organelles 3.13.2 Cell • • Vesicles are membrane-bound sacs that hold materials. Found in animal cells 3.2 3.1Cell CellOrganelles Theory • • Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials. Found in plant cells 3.2 Organelles 3.1Cell Cell Theory Mitochondria supply energy to the cell 3.2 Cell 3.1 CellOrganelles Theory Mitochondria Cell respiration - transfer Energy (E) from organic compounds (food) into ATP (cellular E) -Cristae – folded inner membrane -Increases the surface area -Increases E production 3.2 Cell Mitochondria 3.1 Theory 3.2 Cell 3.1 CellOrganelles Theory Golgi Apparatus – processes, packages, & secretes substances 3.2 Cell Cell Organelles 3.1 Theory • Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest unwanted or broken material. 3.2 Organelles 3.1Cell Cell Theory Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts. • A cell wall provides rigid support. 3.2 Cell Cell Organelles 3.1 Theory 3.2 Cell 3.1 CellOrganelles Theory Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts. • A cell wall provides rigid support. • Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (photosynthesis) • Thylakoids – stacks of sacs filled with chlorophyll Increase surface area - increase photosynthesis 3.2 Cell Cell Organelles 3.1 Theory