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Transcript
1.1 Studying the Structure of Cells The Cell Theory The 3 main ideas are All living things are made of one or more cells The cell is the basic organizational unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing cells. What is a Cell? All living things are made of cells. Our bodies are made up of between 10 trillion (1013) and 100 trillion (1014) cells. A cell is the basic unit of life. Each contains smaller parts called organelles. These organelles have special functions that maintain all the life processes of the cell. nucleus nucleolus rough endoplasmic reticulum chromatin smooth endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes (small brown dots) central vacuole Golgi apparatus cytoskeleton cytoplasm mitochondrion cell membrane chloroplast cell wall wall of adjacent cell Plant Cell Animal Cell Cell Wall in plant cells, not animal A tough, rigid structure lying just outside a plant cell’s membrane Provides support for the plant cell and protection for the cell organelles Cell Membrane Separates the inside of the cell from the external environment Controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell Nucleus Brain of the cell Controls all cell activities Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and with it, the coded instructions for making PROTEINS and other important molecules Nuclear membrane Surrounds nucleus Protects the contents of the nucleus Dotted with thousands of nuclear pores, that allow materials (such as ribosomes) in and out Inside the nucleus we see… a granular material called… CHROMATIN Chromatin= DNA + protein Usually spread out in nucleus During cell division, chromatin clumps together or condenses…we call this…. CHROMOSOMES Chromosomes Threadlike structures that contain genetic information that is passed on from one generation to the next Nucleolus Small dense region inside the nucleus Function: makes ribosomes Cytoplasm jelly-like substance that fills the cell includes the cytosol (fluid), the organelles, and other life-supporting materials, such as sugar and water 13 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Connected to the nucleus Network of membrane-covered channels that transport materials made in the cell 2 types Rough ER (has ribosomes on it) Smooth ER (no ribosomes) Ribosomes Helps to make proteins Proteins make up much of a cell’s structure and are required for activities necessary for the cell’s survival Scattered throughout the cell Some float in the cytoplasm, and others are attached to the ER Golgi Body (Apparatus) Function: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for transport out of the cell Vesicles Membranecovered sacs that transport materials inside the cell and help these materials cross the cell membrane to enter or exit the cell Vacuoles Sac-like organelles Function: stores material such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates Plant cells have a single, large central vacuole, whereas animals may have several smaller vacuoles What is the one thing all living things need to eat, breathe, reproduce, move and much more? ENERGY!!!! Two ways cells get energy… from food molecules from the (plants) Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) Convert chemical energy stored in glucose into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use Has 2 membranes Inner membrane Outer membrane Chloroplasts trap energy from the sun to make glucose PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2 membranes Cytoskeleton Helps the cell maintain its structure and provides “tracks” along which vesicles and organelles can move 2 main parts Microtubules Microfilaments 24