* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download The Diversity of Cells
Survey
Document related concepts
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
The Diversity of Cells Chapter 3: Section 1 Cells and the Cell Theory Robert Hooke First person to observe cells from a cork - After the invention of a microscope First to observe single-celled organisms Anton von Leeuwenhoek - From pond scum - First to see blood, bacterial, and yeast cells 3 major discoveries led to the Cell Theory Cell Theory 1. All organisms are made of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of all living things 3. All cells come from existing cells Cell Size Most are too small to see w/o a microscope - A chicken yolk is one big cell - Have to be small b/c food and waste must pass through the outer surface - As cell’s volume increases, surface areas increases surface area surface area -to -volume ratio = volume Parts of a Cell Cell Membrane - Protective Layer - Surrounds the cell -Acts as a barrier Cytoplasm Organelles -controls materials going into and out of cell - Fluid inside the cell - Structures within the cell - Each perform specific functions Genetic Material - DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - Carries information to make new cells - Contains the code for making proteins Nucleus - Holds the DNA - NOT found in every cell (ex. Bacterial cells) 2 Types of Cells Prokaryotic - Cell without a nucleus Eukaryotic - Cell with a nucleus Prokaryotes - Single-Celled organisms - NO nucleus - NO membrane-bound organelles 2 Types of Prokaryotes 1. Bacteria 2. Archae Bacteria - Smallest cells - No membrane-bound organelles - Do contain ribosomes - Live in water, soil, and on or in other organisms Flagellum - Whip-like extension used for movement Archae 3 Types: 1. Heat-loving 2. Salt-loving 3. Methane-loving Extremophiles - Archae that live in extreme environments Eukaryotes - Organism with one or more eukaryotic cells - Contain a nucleus(holds DNA) - Contain membrane-bound organelles - 10x the size of bacteria cells - Usually multicellular-many cells Ex: Humans, Plants, Algae Multicellular - Made of many cells Eukaryotic Cells Chapter 3: Section 2 Cell Wall - Not in all eukaryotic cells - Provides structure and support Cellulose - Complex sugar - Used to make cell wall in plants and algae - Helps plants and algae retain their shape Cell Membrane - Found in ALL cells - Protective barrier - Outermost layer when cell wall is not present - Right inside cell wall when present - Contains proteins, lipids, and phospholipids - Allows nutrients in and wastes out Phospholipid - A lipid containing phosphorus - Can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic Hydrophilic - “Water loving” - Inner layer of double layered membrane Hydrophobic - “Water fearing” - Outer layer of doubled layered membrane Cytoskeleton - Web of proteins - Contained in cytoplasm - Acts as muscle and skeleton - Keeps cell from collapsing - Can help with movement - Made of 3 types of proteins: hollow, long, or stringy Nucleus - Contains the cells DNA - Enclosed by a double membrane - Contains messages on how to make proteins - Contains pores to allow material in and out Ribosomes - Make proteins (all cells need protein to live) - Made from amino acids - Not covered by a membrane - Found in ALL cells -smallest of all organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum - Folded membranes - Where proteins, lipids, and other materials are made - A part of the internal delivery system - Can be rough or smooth - Rough ER contains ribosomes - Smooth ER lacks ribosomes FUNCTIONS OF ER: -Rough ER is found near nucleus -Ribosomes in rough ER makes the proteins and then delivers them throughout the cell -Smooth ER’s function is making lipids and breaking down toxic materials that could damage the cell. Mitochondria - Main power source of the cell - Where sugar is broken down to ATP (energy) - Contains a double membrane Chloroplasts - Found in plants and algae - Site where photosynthesis occurs -Contains a double membrane(inner/outer) Photosynthesis - Process plants/algae use sunlight, Carbon Dioxide, and water to make sugar and oxygen Golgi Complex - Packages and distributes proteins - Also modifies lipids and proteins for different jobs - Final products remain in a portion of the Golgi Complex membrane in a small bubble Vesicle - A small sac/bubble surrounding materials to be moved in, out, or within a cell - Includes products from the Golgi Complex Lysosomes Vacuole - Found in all eukaryotic cells - Contain digestive enzymes -Found mainly in animal cells - Responsible for cellular digestion - Destroy worn-out cells and cellular waste - Protects cell from foreign invaders - A form of a vesicle - Found in plant and fungus cells - The central vacuole in plants stores water and other liquids, helps support the cell The Organization of Living Things Chapter 3: Section 3 Benefits of Being Multicellular 1. Larger Size 2. Longer Life 3. Cell Specialization Cells Working Together Tissue - A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function - 4 basic types in animals 1. Nerve tissue 2. Muscle tissue 3. Connective tissue 4. Protective tissue - 3 basic types in plants 1. Transport tissue-moves water/food 2. Protective tissue-covers plant 3. Ground tissue-photosynthesis occurs Organ - Two or more tissues working together to perform a specific function Ex: Heart, Lungs, Leaf, Roots Organ System - A group of organs working together to perform a specific function Ex: Root System, Digestive System Organism - Can perform life processes by itself Unicellular An organism made of one cell - Single cell must be able to perform all life functions Multicellular An organism made of many cells - Specialized cells that depend on each other Structure Arrangement of parts in an organism Function The job the part does - Structure and function are closely related Ex: Alveoli and Blood Vessels