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http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell •Prokaryotic •Eukaryotic Simplest type of cell No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles One-celled organisms (unicellular); bacteria Bacteria have a single, circular chromosome http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html Center contains the DNA Surrounded by cell membrane and cell wall Contains ribosomes (no membrane) in the cytoplasm to make proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html Contain organelles surrounded by membranes (including a nucleus) Most living organisms (protists, fungi, plants, and animals) Some are unicellular, but most are multicellular Most complex type of cell Plant http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html Animal Contains 3 basic cell structures Nucleus Cell membrane Cytoplasm with membrane-bound organelles Plant http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html Animal http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif Organelles Found in bacteria, fungus, and plant cells only! (NOT animal cells) Made of cellulose Supports & protects cells Found outside the cell membrane Outside of cell Composed of a double layer of phospholipids and proteins Surrounds ALL cells Outer membrane if there is no cell wall Controls movement in and out of the cell (semi-permeable) Proteins Cell membrane Inside of cell Protein (cytoplasm) channel http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Lipid bilayer Gel-like mixture where the organelles are found (it is in ALL cells) 80% water Surrounded by the cell membrane Protects cell organelles Surrounds nucleus of eukaryotic cells Made of two layers Openings (pores) allow material to enter and leave nucleus Directs cell activities in eukaryotic cells (“control center”) Contains genetic material (DNA) http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html “Powerhouse” of the cell Found in ALL eukaryotic cells Produces energy (ATP) for the cell through cellular respiration by breaking down fats & carbohydrates Makes proteins Each cell contains thousands. Found in ALL cell types Found on rough ER & also floating throughout the cytoplasm. http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Site of protein synthesis (made by the ribosomes on the ER surface) Rough = ribosomes Sends proteins and other materials through the interior of the rough ER to the Golgi Body. Has no surface ribosomes (smooth) Makes steroids and ions, & destroys toxins/poisons Sends protein, steroids, ions, and other materials to the Golgi Body to be USED in the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Found in eukaryotic cells Modifies, sorts, & packages molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of the cell Distributes materials to other parts of the cell via vesicles (sacs). Merges with vacuoles to digest unwanted materials and transports them to the cell membrane for removal. Contains digestive enzymes to break down old cell parts Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes (“suicide sac”) Sac containing water that helps maintain the shape of the cell. Stores water, food/nutrients and wastes http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Plant cells have a LARGE central vacuole Needed to regulate turgor pressure Allows the plant to remain rigid (stiff) Without enough water, the plant will wilt (droop) http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Vacuole Chloroplasts inside the cells Found ONLY in plant cells Produces a green pigment called chlorophyll which absorbs light energy Site of photosynthesis, which uses the energy from the sun to produce food (sugar) for the cell along with oxygen Plant versus animal cells Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cell Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria Animal Cells Plant cells No cell wall Cell wall Usually round shape Usually rectangular Nucleus towards center Nucleus near cell wall Many smaller vacuoles Large central vacuole No chloroplasts Chloroplasts Is this a plant cell or animal cell? How can you tell? 32 Contains organelles; a large vacuole, a cell wall and chloroplasts! Cell Wall Vacuole Chloroplast 33 Is this a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell? How can you tell? 34 Contains organelles; a central nucleus, and no cell wall or chloroplasts! 35