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Transcript
Lab 2, BIO 105 Cell Reproduction: • Process by which a cell divides and duplicates its genetic information • Includes 2 stages: 1. Interphase: period of a cell’s life when it carries out its normal metabolic activities and grows; o chromosomes appear as chromatin(look like dots (chromosomes +proteins called histones) o Nuclear membrane is intact and visible as are the nucleoli BIOL 105 Lab 2--The Cell/Cell Division 1 2. Mitotic phase –DNA and nuclear division into 2 daughter cells • Is subdivided into four stages: --Prophase --Metaphase -- Anaphase -- Telophase just before nuclear division, chromatin condenses into chromatids (so they won’t break apart during division) and are held together by centromeres. PMAT – Mitotic phase is essential for body growth and tissue repair BIOL 105 Lab 2--The Cell/Cell Division 2 Prophase—divided into 2 stages • Chromosomes become visible, each with two chromatids joined at a centromere (Under the microscope, Chromosomes straighten out; are more disorganized looking ) • DNA has replicated, but has not formed condensed structure of chromosome. They remain as loosely coiled chromatin; copies of chromatin remain attached to each other. • Centrosomes separate, act as areas of growth of 2 “spindles” which migrate toward opposite poles of cell. • Mitotic spindles (microtubules) form (from centrosomes) and push centrosomes toward opposite ends of cell • Nuclear membrane is still intact to protect DNA molecules from mutation. BIOL 105 Lab 2--The Cell/Cell Division 3 Metaphase • Centromeres of chromosomes (called spindles) are aligned at opposite poles of cell • Chromosomes line up at middle of the cell, called metaphase plate or equator or equatorial plate Anaphase • Separated sister chromatids are pulled along behind centromeres and move to opposite cell ends. (“V” for victory sign) BIOL 105 Lab 2--The Cell/Cell Division 4 Telophase • Begins when chromosome movement stops • Two sets of chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin • New nuclear membrane forms around each chromatin mass • Nucleoli reappear • Spindle disappears Cytokinesis—division of cytoplasm so 2 new daughter cells are formed – Actually begins at end of Anaphase – Ring of actin microfilaments contracts to form a cleavage furrow and pinches apart so 2 daughter cells form BIOL 105 Lab 2--The Cell/Cell Division 5 LABWORK 1. Identify the different stages of mitosis on microscope slides. 2. Describe process of DNA replication and mitosis. 3. Study process of mitosis models. [cell models] 4. Be able to identify interphase and each stage of mitosis on models and slides. BIOL 105 Lab 2--The Cell/Cell Division 6