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Transcript
Cell Basics Two Basic Cell Types All cells are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic Eukaryotic cells • Complex cells that contain a nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles with specialized functions. • Animal or plant cells. (also includes fungi and protists) Nucleus • Controls activities of the cell and holds the genetic information (DNA) • Surrounded by the nuclear membrane/envelope • Ribosomes, which will later be used in protein synthesis, are partially assembled in an area called the nucleolus • The nucleus is known as the “control center” of the cell and is found in all eukaryotic cells. For example, plant and animal cells. Lets quickly examine the structure and function of the cell membrane: Which of the following animals do you think can pass easily through this opening? Why? Cell Membrane • Regulates what goes in and out of the cell (selective). • Composed of lipids and proteins. Cytoplasm • Cytoplasm is a clear, jelly-like fluid that fills the cell Ribosomes • Make proteins. • Found throughout the cell and on rough ER. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • System of internal membranes that transport proteins and other substances through the cell. • 2 Kinds: –Rough ER: transports proteins that are made by ribosomes attached to it –Smooth ER: helps make new lipids and helps to break down toxic substances such as alcohol • Has no ribosomes attached to it Which picture best depicts the function of the ER? • The ER is referred to as the highway of the cell since it transports molecules, such as proteins, throughout the cell. Golgi Apparatus • Flattened, membrane-bound sacs that serve as the packaging and distribution center of the cell. – They modify the proteins that travel from the ER in vesicles (small, membrane-bound sacs) before they are released to serve their function. Which picture best depicts the function of the golgi apparatus? • The Golgi is sometimes referred to as the post office since it modifies and packages proteins before they are shipped to their rightful destination Mitochondria • Releases energy from organic compounds to make ATP (energy) • “Powerhouse” of the cell Fact: Mitochondria contain their own DNA and ribosomes to make their own proteins. Who do you inherit your mitochondrial DNA from? • Your mother –it’s found within the egg and the father only donates his DNA (23 chromosomes) Mitochondria • Look at the mitochondrial DNA and determine whether it looks like picture a or b. Mitochondrial DNA similar to Prokaryotic (bacterial) DNA? • This fact supports the widely accepted theory that mitochondria were once primitive prokaryotes! Which picture best depicts the function of the Mitochondria? TXU supplies electricity to many houses and businesses in Dallas just as the mitochondria supplies energy for it’s cell Based on your knowledge of mitochondria, which of the following cells would contain a greater number of mitochondria? • Muscle cells require large amounts of energy in order to perform functions and therefore require a larger number of mitochondria Lysosomes • Specialized vesicles that contain digestive enzymes – Function by digesting and recycling the cell’s used components (carbs, proteins, lipids and old organelles) Which picture best depicts the function of the lysosome? • Both contain digestive enzymes and both help to breakdown particles Cytoskeleton • A network of protein structures that determines cell shape • Provides support for organelles and pathways for cell movement. Some structures are found in plant cells but not animal cells… Cell wall • Helps support, protect and maintain the shape of the cell Chloroplasts • Use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water (photosynthesis). • Just like mitochondria, chloroplasts contain their own DNA and are also thought to be descendents of ancient prokaryotic cells “Large” Central Vacuole • Stores water and may contain many substances, including ions, nutrients, and wastes • Largest organelle found in plants • When full of water, the cell becomes rigid (turgor pressure) • FYI: Small vacuoles are found in animal cells. Cell Organelles Cell Membrane Mitochondria Chloroplast Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Vacuole Lysosome Golgi Body Ribosome • Animal Cell Wall • Plant Prokaryotes, which includes all bacteria. They are the simplest cellular organisms. They have genetic material but no nucleus. Typical bacteria cell Prokaryotic cells • Unicellular • No membrane bound organelles – therefore, not many specialized functions. Bacteria! Flagella • Tail-like structure that helps bacteria move (MOTILITY) • Flagella are also found on some eukaryotic cells. • For example, some protists have flagella. So do sperm cells! Pili • Hair-like structure that helps bacteria stick to surfaces Capsule • A sticky outer protective covering that allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces • Increases their ability to cause disease Name the structures of this bacterium. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Different Types of Cells • Prokaryotic no nucleus • Eukaryotic nonucleus nucleus nucleus small ribosomes larger ribosomes small ribosomes larger ribosomes no organelles noorganelles organelles organelles very small 1-10µm only in bacteria verysmall small small 2-1000µm protists, fungi, plants, protists, fungi, plants, only in bacteria animals animals