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AP BIOLOGY Chapter 6 What You Should Know Already from BIO I Slide shows combined and modified from: http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Lecture/lecture.htm; http://www.explorebiology.com/ http://home.att.net/~tljackson/neville.html CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane) SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER with PROTEINS Hydrophobic tails face in Hydrophilic heads face out Outside of cell Carbohydrate chains Proteins Cell membrane Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Protein channel Lipid bilayer Membrane Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved Phospholipid image from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Lipid/P_lipid2.htm FLUID MOSAIC MODEL Click here to See Fluidity Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif CELL MEMBRANES http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html • act as boundary • selectively permeable ~ gases & hydrophobic molecules can pass through ~ large, ionic, OR polar molecules need help (facilitated diffusion, ion channels, Na+-K+ pump, endocytosis & exocytosis) http://www.d.umn.edu/~sdowning/Membranes/membraneImages/jpegimages/diffusionmedium.jpg CYTOPLASM Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm (Between nucleus and cell membrane) Includes ORGANELLESsmall structures with a specific function CYTOSOL-semi-fluid “goo” Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html NUCLEUS Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html • Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane (Nuclear envelope) •Nuclear pores- allow molecules in & out •Contains DNA •Control center Replication (DNA → DNA) Transcription (DNA → RNA) NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus • Produces ribosomal RNA • Assembles ribosomes (RNA & proteins) • Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg http://universe-review.ca/I09-08-RNA.gif DNA CHROMATINspread out in NON-dividing cells to access info CHROMOSOMEScondensed in dividing cells for easier transport Cytoskeleton Network of protein fibers supporting cell shape and anchoring organelles – – Microtubules Microfilaments RIBOSOMES Composed of two subunits that join and attach to messenger RNA Made of r-RNA & proteins Site of protein synthesis (~translation) ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Lipid bilayer continuous with nuclear envelope Smooth ER • no ribosomes • synthesis of lipids • metabolism of carbohydrates • stores calcium • detoxification of drugs and poisons Rough ER • with ribosomes • synthesis of secretory proteins (glycoproteins) • membrane production Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF Golgi apparatus (collection of Golgi bodies) http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h “UPS” of cell Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html See a Golgi movie EVERYTHING’S CONNNECTED! Lysosomes - membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes Breaks down • food • unwanted cell parts • bacteria • helps in APOPTOSIS “programmed cell death” See lysosomes in action: “PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” APOPTOSIS Embryo development Cell maintenance Signal to self destruct lost in cancer cells http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpg http://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg CENTRIOLES Made of microtubules Appear during cell division in animal cells to pull chromosomes apart CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm MITOCHONDRIA • DOUBLE MEMBRANE (inner membrane = cristae) • Has own DNA • Powerplant of cell ~ site of cellular respiration ~ burn glucose ~ store energy as ATP Images from: http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif CHLOROPLASTS • DOUBLE MEMBRANE • Has own DNA • Contains thylakoid sacs with chlorophyll for photosynthesis http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Lab/4551/fig12b.jpg FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of microtubules 9 + 2 arrangement Move substances past cells Help move cells http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? CILIA • • Many short Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm FLAGELLA •Few •Long WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS? • Cell wall • HUGE vacuoles • Chloroplasts • No centrioles http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg CELL WALL Outside cell membrane Supports and protects cell PlantsCellulose makes it “sturdy” Bacteria- have peptidoglycan instead http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm VACUOLES • Huge in plants • Storage space for water, food, enzymes, waste Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif VACUOLES can store WATER http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_vacuole.html Freshwater organisms have contractile vacuoles to control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS) http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS? • Cell wall • NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE • DNA is circular http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm • No membrane bound organelles WHICH IS BIGGER? Plant cell Animal cell bacteria _________ > _____________ > ___________ DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIA Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell membrane Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane NO cell wall Cell wall made of CELLULOSE Cell wall made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN Has ribosomes Has ribosomes Has ribosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA is a single circular ring CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON Small vacuoles Really big vacuole NO vacuoles Has lysosomes Few lysosomes NO lysosomes Has centrioles NO centrioles NO centrioles NO chloroplasts Chloroplasts NO chloroplasts SMALLER size SMALL size SMALLEST size NO nuclear membrane AP BIOLOGY Chapter 6 Cell Structure & Function WHAT’S NEW you didn’t learn in BIO I? Slide shows combined and modified from: http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Lecture/lecture.htm; http://www.explorebiology.com/ http://home.att.net/~tljackson/neville.html NUCLEAR ENVELOPE http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/nuclear_envelope.htm DOUBLE MEMBRANE is fused in spots forming NUCLEAR PORES NUCLEAR LAMINA- netlike array of protein filaments on nuclear side of envelope that maintains the shape of the nucleus (Play a role in reforming nuclear membrane after cell division, if you inject antibodies to lamina proteins, nucleus can’t reform after mitosis) NUCLEAR ENVELOPE Nucleus Nucleus 1 µm Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope: Inner membrane Outer membrane Nuclear pore Pore complex Rough ER Surface of nuclear envelope. 1 µm Ribosome 0.25 µm Close-up of nuclear envelope Figure 6.10 Pore complexes (TEM). Nuclear lamina (TEM). ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell Includes: Plasma membrane Nuclear membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vacuoles Lysosomes INSULIN being released by pancreas cells using exocytosis http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255ion/fig14x26.jpg Golgi apparatus Cisternae = Flattened membrane sacs (look like stacked pancakes) 2 sides = 2 functions cis = (receives vesicles by fusion) trans = buds off vesicles to send to other places (shipping face) Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html See a Golgi movie EVERYTHING’S CONNNECTED! LYSOSOMES (common in animal cells but rare in plant cells) Contain hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion • Food (Phagocytosis) See movie • Damaged organelles AUTOPHAGY ~ “eating self” LYSOSOMES: Uncontrolled release of lysosome contents into the cytoplasm can also cause cell death (necrosis) • APOPTOSIS (self-destruct mechanism) “cell suicide” Embryonic development Removes damaged cells Immune response Cancer cells and AIDS virus override self-destruct signals WHITE BLOOD CELLS USE LYSOSOMES TO DIGEST ENGULFED BACTERIA (Phagocytosis) http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255ion/fig14x28.jpg ANIMAL VACUOLES & VESICLES “transport vehicles” • FOOD VACUOLES Phagocytosis/ fuse with lysosomes • CONTRACTILE VACUOLES Freshwater organisms pump out excess water http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif PLANT VACUOLES (Central Vacuole) Surrounded by membrane = TONOPLAST Selectively permeable – controls what goes in & out STORAGE • Water • Stockpile proteins/inorganic ions • Deposit metabolic byproducts • Store pigments • Store defensive compounds against herbivores Other cell parts with membranes that are NOT part of the Endomembrane system: – Mitochondria – Plastids – Peroxisomes MITOCHONDRIADOUBLE MEMBRANE Outer membrane Inner membrane (CRISTAE) increases surface area for chemical reactions Intermembrane space= Space between inner membrane & outer membrane MATRIX = Space inside cristae folds contains DNA, enzymes, ribosomes Chloroplasts – site for photosynthesis in plants •DOUBLE MEMBRANE •Has own DNA • Thylakoids – membrane sacs containing light-capturing pigments •Grana – closed compartments of stacked thylakoid membranes •Stroma – fluid surrounding thylakoids PLASTIDS CHLOROPLASTS- contain pigment chlorophyll for photosynthesis CHROMOPLASTS- contain pigments that give fruits and flowers colors AMYLOPLASTS- store starch (amylose) in roots and tubers (colorless) http://www.jonathanwald.com/800x600/images/Red-Apple.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Potato_-_Amyloplasts.jpg Who else has a circular chromosome not found within a nucleus? Endosymbiotic Theory http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Margulis • Originally proposed in early 1900’s • Idea reintroduced in 1963 by Lynn Margulis • Suggests that engulfed prokaryotes shared symbiotic relationship with host cell • Advantages for both: ~ one supplies energy ~ other raw materials & protection ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY See a movie about ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Endosymbiosis_theory.gif Evidence for Endosymbiotic theory 1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA like bacteria. 2. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have ribosomes whose size and structure resemble bacterial ribosomes. 3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate independently of cell division using binary fission like bacteria. 4. Inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts have a composition similar to bacterial membranes. PEROXISOMES Other digestive enzyme sacs in both plants and animals NOT part of endomembrane system (proteins come from cytosol) In fat storing seeds (called GLYOXYSOMES) Break down fatty acids → sugars transport to mitochondria for energy In LIVER CELLS Help detoxify alcohol & other poisons PRODUCE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (also a TOXIN) but have enzyme (CATALASE) to break this down H2O2 → H2O + O2