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Transcript
Living Environment Review—Dr. Golub TOPIC 4: GENETICS Cancer • Occurs when certain genetic mutations in a cell can result in uncontrolled cell division. • Cancer can be caused by heredity or environmental factors like radiation or chemicals. Heredity • The passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through reproduction. • The hereditary information (DNA) is organized in the form of genes located in the nucleus of each cell. _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Living Environment Review—Dr. Golub Clones • Identical genetic copies • Remember: Only two people in the world with the same DNA = Identical Twins – Identical twins (same DNA) • One sperm, one egg > fertilization > zygote splits – Fraternal twins (different DNA) • Two sperm, two eggs > both fertilized > two zygotes develop into embryos _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Living Environment Review—Dr. Golub DNA • DNA is a double stranded helix polymer of nucleotides that contains the genetic code of the individual. DNA Structure • Backbone = the sides of the ladder, consist of two things: – A 5-carbon sugar • deoxyribose – A phosphate – These two alternate _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Living Environment Review—Dr. Golub Rungs of the ladder are Nitrogenous Bases Base Pair Rule • DNA bases are A, T, G, C 1. 2. 3. 4. Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Nucleotide • The basic unit of DNA which is made of: – a phosphate – a sugar – a base • A is paired with T • G is paired with C _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ Living Environment Review—Dr. Golub RNA • RNA is a single stranded polymer that is produced by DNA. – There are 3 types • Messenger RNA (mRNA) • Transfer RNA (tRNA) • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • Bases are A, U, G, C – Notice there is no T in RNA base code rule Protein Synthesis • Synthesizing, or building proteins • DNA is too big to exit the nucleus, so it sends a messenger, mRNA (singlestranded) to the ribosome where the ribosome reads the message and directs the tRNA to bring it amino acids. • The ribosome then assembles the amino acids together in the correct order to make a protein. _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Living Environment Review—Dr. Golub _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Living Environment Review—Dr. Golub Mutation • Any alteration of the DNA sequence which changes the normal message carried by the gene. – Substitution • One base is put in place of another – Deletion • A base is left out – Addition • A base is added – Inversion • Bases are switched Gene Expression • An organism's environment can affect the way that some genes are expressed. – Example: • Fur color of some rabbits is influenced by temperature. _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Living Environment Review—Dr. Golub Genetic Engineering • Technology that humans use to alter the genetic instructions in organisms Gene Splicing • Cutting DNA and placing it into another organism – Example: • Insulin –Splice human insulin gene, put the gene for insulin into bacteria, and the bacteria produces insulin for humans. _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Living Environment Review—Dr. Golub Restriction Enzyme • An enzyme that cuts DNA in specific places and is an essential tool in gene splicing as well as in gel-electrophoresis _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Living Environment Review—Dr. Golub DNA Fingerprinting • From gel electrophoresis – Similar to a bar code – The more bars in common, the more common heritage or ancestry Selective Breeding • A process of choosing parents with favorable traits to produce those traits in the offspring. – Ex: domestic animals and hybridization of plants. Species • A group of closely related organisms that share certain characteristics and can produce offspring capable of reproduction _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Living Environment Review—Dr. Golub Brief Review: DNA • Contains genetic information (heredity) • Regulates the cell’s activities • Located in the nucleus • Double Helix Model: A, T, C and G (4 bases) • Environment can influence the EXPRESSION of the genes The instructions for the traits of an organism are coded in the arrangement of: 1) glucose units in carbohydrate molecules 2) bases in DNA in the nucleus 3) fat molecules in the cell membrane 4) energy-rich bonds in starch molecules _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ A boy inherits genes for tallness, but his growth is limited as a result of poor nutrition. This is an example of: (1) an inherited disorder (2) environmental influence on gene expression (3) expression of a hidden trait (4) a characteristic controlled by more than one pair of genes Living Environment Review—Dr. Golub The diagram shows a molecule of DNA. What occurs in the process of replication? 1) Structure 1 is hydrolyzed. 2) Chemical bonds are broken in region 2. 3) Structure 3 is synthesized. 4) Proteins are formed in region 2. _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Protein Synthesis Living Environment Review—Dr. Golub Brief Review: Protein Synthesis • mRNA travels to the nucleus to transcribe the information in the DNA • mRNA travels through the cytoplasm to the RIBOSOME • Translation begins at the start codon • tRNA brings the anticodon whose bases are COMPLEMENTARY to the mRNA • Protein chain grows until the stop codon is reached 1) The diagram shows protein synthesis that occurs within cells. The process represented in the diagram occurs on the cell organelle known as a: 1. vacuole 3. chloroplast 2. ribosome 4. mitochondrion 2) The diagram shows a joining of two amino acids that occurs within cells. The process represented in the diagram is: 1. lipid digestion 2. cell respiration 3. protein synthesis 4. protein hydrolysis _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Living Environment Review—Dr. Golub Base your answer on the diagram which represents a biochemical process that occurs in a cell and your knowledge of biology. A change in the region labeled Y from U-C-G to U-G-C would most likely cause: 1) the synthesis of a different protein 2) polyploidy 3) the formation of recombinant DNA 4) crossing-over Brief Review: Biotechnology • Recombinant DNA • Cloning • DNA Electrophoresis _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Living Environment Review—Dr. Golub Which statement concerning Dolly is correct? 1) Gametes from sheep A and sheep B were united to produce Dolly. 2) The chromosome makeup of Dolly is identical to that of sheep A. 3) Both Dolly and sheep C have identical DNA. 4) Dolly contains genes from sheep B and sheep C. A product of genetic engineering technology is represented below. ! The flounder is a species of fish that can live in very cold water. The fish produces an “antifreeze” protein that prevents ice crystals from forming in its blood. The DNA for this protein has been identified. An enzyme is used to cut and remove this section of flounder DNA that is then spliced into the DNA of a strawberry plant. As a result, the plant can now produce a protein that makes it more resistant to the damaging effects of frost. This process is known as: 1) sorting of genes 2) genetic engineering 3) recombination of chromosomes 4) mutation by deletion of genetic material _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________
