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Chapter 11 Learning Points Name_____________________________________ Date___________ Period________ Chapter 11.2 ~ “DNA: Reading, Translating and Using the Recipe” REVIEW The ________________________ on DNA contains the “recipes” information. ______________ is the molecule that stores information in our chromosomes in the form of ______________ It is the complex 3-d shape of ______________ that determine their function as either _____________ or ______________. It could be said that ______________ controls the cell by ______________. Therefore, about ______________ in each of our cells control all or chemical and biological processes. Proteins are ____________ __ composed of chains of ____________ of which there are _____ different kinds that are used to form proteins. DNA and ______________ are both ______________. Fill in the following table to highlight the structural and functional differences and similarities of these two compounds. Structure & Function Number of Nitrogen Bases Composing Nucleotides Kinds of Nitrogen Bases Used (use a letter designation) Kind of Sugar Used Description of Stranded-ness There is(are)… kind(s) of … Role(s) in Protein Synthesis (Be specific) DNA ______________ Read and do the Problem Solving Lab 11.2 on page 297. Attach your answers to the back of this assignment for full credit. To view animations of DNA Replication, Translation and Transcription, go online to http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/builddna/ for how to make DNA http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/ for how to transcribe (DNA RNA) and translate (mRNA polypeptide) a gene (section of DNA) http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/educational/dna/ for a review of the whole idea http://www.johnkyrk.com/index.html for a complex description of the whole idea Fill-in The Blanks…Below is a diagram that outlines the steps and “players” involved in the [1] Transcription DNA RNA and [2] Translation of mRNA protein(s). Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term or phrase that best describes that part of the diagram. 4 1 5c 2_ 6c 5b 7c 8c 6b 3_ 9 5a__ _ 6a_ 7b The Code The “code” for determining what the placement of one ______________ in a polypeptide is found in the ______________ nucleotides along a strand of DNA. The “alphabet” for this code along the DNA molecule is restricted to ___ molecular “letters”, one representing each kind of nucleotide found in DNA or, ___ _, ___, ___, ___. The “words” used in this code are composed of ______ “letters” or nucleotides. Transcription Basics Since the “original code” found along the ______________ molecule can’t leave the nucleus, it must first be ______________ (meaning to write or make a copy). The “copy” is “written” as a molecule of ____________ that differs from the original on three counts, they are… RNA is ______________ stranded In RNA, the nitrogen base____________ __ replaces DNA’s ______________ In RNA, the sugar ______________ replaces DNA’s ____________ __ On a strand of mRNA, the “code” words are also ____ “letters” long. Each “code” word is called a ______________. Each “code” word on the mRNA has a opposite but complimentary “code” word on the tRNA called a(an) ______________. Finish the labeling of the ______________ diagram at right. Translation Basics Read and do the MiniLab 11.1 on page 299. Attach your answers to the back of this assignment for full credit. According to the chart on page 298 in you textbook, there are/is ______________ codon(s) that signal(s) the start of a “protein recipe” or gene on a strand of ______________ and ______________ codon(s) that stop the process. The entire chart appears to contain the codons for ____________ _ different ______________ that can be used to form ______________ when a strand of mRNA is translated at a ribosome. Since this chart outlines how ______________ on mRNA can be “translated” into a(an) ______________ sequence for every living organism, the genetic code is said to be ______________ and is evidence either for a common ______________ or ancestor via an evolutionary process or for a common ___________________ resulting from an _______________________. Using numbers, order the following statement in a sequence that best describes how RNA is translated into the “precursors” of protein: ____ When the ribosome reaches the stop codon ( UAA or UAG), it disconnectes from the mRNA strand and seeks another to read. ____ A peptide bond is made between adjacent amino acids. ____ A ribosome attaches on to a mRNA strand at the start codon (AUG). ____ Once the anticodon on the tRNA has been paired and bonded with the codon on the mRNA, the amino acid that it is carrying is in position to form a bond with the other amino acid that is adjacent to it. ____ Once a peptide bond has been formed between two adjacent amino acids, the tRNA that carried newest amino acid in the forming polypeptide chain stay while the other tRNA dettaches from the mRNA codon and floats off into the cytoplasm to seek out another amino acid to bond with. ____ A tRNA with the anitcodon of UAC is, carring the amino acid Methionine, is coaxed into place by the ribosome to temporarily bond with the complimentary codon (AUG). Transcribe the short gene on the code carrying DNA strand below into a mRNA blueprint: DNA~ TAC GCC TAT TTT GTA GTC CCT GGA TGC ATT mRNA~___________________________________________________ Now, translate the resulting mRNA strand above into short polypeptide chain that it codes for using Table 11.2 on page 298. _____________________________________________________________