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BY 330 Summer 2015 Mock Exam 2 1. Ten molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are ultimately converted into pyruvate through glycolysis. What is the net ATP production? How many molecules of NADH are produced? How many molecules of CO2 are produced? How many molecules of pyruvate are formed? Show the pathway for this conversion, including all intermediates and energy production sites. (I won’t show the pathway for the conversion, but it is the process of glycolysis starting at G3P and ending at pyruvate. This will come straight from your notes. Make sure you show all of the carbon intermediates, where ATP is produced, and where NADH is produced). Net ATP production = 20 NADH = 10 CO2 = 0 Pyruvate = 10 2. What is a kinase? An enzyme that moves phosphorous around in the form of phosphate 3. The enzyme phosphofructokinase binds to fructose-6-phosphate and produces fructose-1,6-bisphosphate during glycolysis. 4. Assume that 4 molecules of pyruvate enter the Krebs cycle and are completely oxidized. Also allow oxidation of all electron carriers through the electron transport chain. How many protons are pumped from the matrix of the mitochondria to the inner membrane space? How many ATPs are created as a result of only the ETC? How many water molecules are formed? What enzyme allows for the production of ATP in the inner membrane of the mitochondria? 88 protons; 44 ATP; 16 H2O; F1ATPase 5. The cytochrome complexes in the mitochondria have metal ions in their core, normally present in the (oxidized, reduced) state. 6. Circle all of the following that can be found in both monolayers of the plasma membrane. a). Phosphotidyl-choline b). Phosphotidyl- inositol c). Cholesterol d). Phosphotidyl-serine e). Glycoplipids f). Proteins 7. The plasma membrane regulates the transport of which of the following? Circle all that apply. a). Na+ ions b). Water BY 330 Summer 2015 Mock Exam 2 c). O2 molecules d). CO2 molecules e). Glucose (there are glucose transporters in the membrane, sometimes glucose can diffuse also) 8. True or False: All membrane of the cell is made up of the exact same components. False 9. The majority of the cytoplasm is made up of which organic molecule? Proteins 10. Circle all of the following whose gene had a rough ER leader sequence. OMIT ANSWER CHOICE D and A (F1ATPase and R1) b). Pyruvate kinase c). Voltage-gated sodium channel e). Aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase 11. List three ways to increase the fluidity of the plasma membrane. Decrease length of fatty acid tails Decrease amount of cholesterol Decrease saturation/increase unsaturation 12. The sodium-potassium pump is an example of which specific type of transport protein. Antiport carrier 13. What effect does an action potential have on a carrier protein? Voltage-gated channel proteins? None; Will open voltage-gated 14. A membrane-bound vesicle/endosome forms to bring molecules into the cell during endocytosis. The (luminal, cytoplasmic) side of the vesicle contains high amounts of phosphotidyl-choline. Once this vesicle enters the cells, actin fibers will pull it to where it needs to go. If the vesicle is involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis, a clathrin protein coat will form around it. This protein coat will eventually be (discarded, recycled). 15. The calcium ion acts as a signal to promote exocytosis 16. The rough ER will synthesize all proteins, except for the proteins that function in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria. 17. The process of glycosylation in the rough ER is often times called N-linked glycosylation. This is because the oligosaccharide will be attached to the asparagine amino acid in the protein, which has a amino group present in its R group. This oligosaccharide was built on a lipid called dolichol, which is BY 330 Summer 2015 Mock Exam 2 present on the cytoplasmic side of ER membrane. Once the oligosaccharide is synthesized it will be flipped to the luminal side of the membrane and enzymes called glycosylases will cut it from the lipid on which it was built. It will eventually be attached to the luminal side of the protein. Circle all of the following sugars that can be used in this process: (mannose, fucose, sialic acid, glucose, galactose). 18. This molecule is used in the detoxification process that occurs in the smooth ER. Cytochrome P450 19. Circle all of the amino acids in the following protein that the rough ER will attach a sugar to through the process of glycosylation. Underline all of the amino acids that the Golgi will attach a sugar to. (bolded is ER, underlined is Golgi) gly-cys-thr-tyr-gln-asn-val-ser-met-asn-arg-lys-his-trp-thr-phe-ser-leu-asn 20. Metastatic cancer cells are generally missing which component of the plasma membrane? What are the parts of this molecule and in which organelle(s) are these parts synthesized? Glycolipids – lipid + oligosaccharide lipid synthesized in smooth ER, oligosaccharide synthesized in Golgi 21. List four functions of the Golgi. There are five possible answers – glycosylation, proprocessing, membrane recycling, secretion, lysosome production 22. The cis face of the Golgi is closest to the ER, while the trans face is closest to the plasma membrane. The Golgi will turn over its membrane approximately every 40 minutes. The zone of exclusion around the Golgi restricts which molecules can move around the organelle. 23. Describe how the lysosome activates its enzymes for digestion. Proton transporters use ATP to pump protons into lysosome, which decreases pH from 7 to around 5 activates enzymes 24. List two diseases that can be caused because of problems with lysosomes. Three possibilities – gout, Tay-Sachs, arthritis 25. Which two organelles produce metabolic water? Peroxisome, mitochondria 26. Describe how functional catalase is assembled. Did catalase have a leader sequence? What organelle does this enzyme function in and what reaction does it catalyze? OMIT FIRST PART OF THIS QUESTION BY 330 Summer 2015 Mock Exam 2 Peroxisome catalyzes peroxidative reaction of reduced compound with hydrogen peroxide to produce oxidized compound and metabolic water 27. Apoptosis is caused by a build-up of hydrogen peroxide outside of the peroxisome. It can be solved by glutathione peroxidase, which will convert the excess hydrogen peroxide intro water.