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7.013 Spring 2005 Problem Set 1Solutions
7.013 Spring 2005 Problem Set 1Solutions

... (Within the region diagrammed, the close proximity of the charged species makes it unlikely that hydrophobic interactions are a key force in the interaction between the two receptors.) iv) Val98 → Ile ...
Solutions to 7.014 Problem Set 1
Solutions to 7.014 Problem Set 1

... Explain the important qualities/properties of these molecules that allow them to form membranes. The phospholipid molecules have hydrophilic heads that prefers to interact with aqueous environments and hydrophobic tails that cluster together to exclude water. ...
Metabolic downregulation during diapause in embryos of Artemia
Metabolic downregulation during diapause in embryos of Artemia

Regulation of the phosphotransferase system (PTS)
Regulation of the phosphotransferase system (PTS)

... It blocks the first step of glycolysis and directs the glucose-derived carbon flux towards the NADPHproducing pentose phosphate pathway. However, despite that C. glutamicum Δpgi grows well with sucrose as a sole carbon source, addition of glucose arrests growth by causing repression of ptsS, encodin ...
Towards functional effects of polyphenols : modulation of energy
Towards functional effects of polyphenols : modulation of energy

... stimuli. Adaptation to these changing conditions is essential for maintaining homeostasis and survival of the organism. Scarcity of food, for example, either leads to a pause in development and reproduction or activates a mechanism to attract or acquire more food sources. Both processes are tightly ...
Synthesis of Heme
Synthesis of Heme

... Fe++ is added to protoporphyrin IX via Ferrocheletase, a homodimeric enzyme containing 2 iron-sulfur clusters. A conserved active site His, along with a chain of anionic residues, may conduct released protons away, as Fe++ binds from the other side of the porphyrin ring, to yield heme. ...
Carnitine metabolism and biosynthesis in yeast Saccharomyces
Carnitine metabolism and biosynthesis in yeast Saccharomyces

... Carnitine plays an essential role in eukaryotic metabolism by mediating the shuttling of activated acyl residues between intracellular compartments. This function of carnitine, referred to as the carnitine shuttle, is supported by the activities of carnitine acyltransferases and carnitine/acylcarnit ...
REGULATION OF CYTOCHROME P450 BY
REGULATION OF CYTOCHROME P450 BY

... Background Information on P450 Since the introduction of modern molecular biology techniques allowing for the sequencing of entire genomes, researchers have identified and continue to discover many P450 enzymes in a wide variety of organisms. In order to systematically identify and categorize this g ...
University of Groningen Citrate driven transamination for
University of Groningen Citrate driven transamination for

... cometabolized with carbohydrates, f.i. with lactose that is present in milk at concentrations up to 5 g/L (14 mM) (74). Under normal conditions where sugars are not limiting and oxygen is confined, one molecule of glucose derived from lactose, is fermented to two molecules of L-lactic acid (homoferm ...
Bettendorff L, Wins P. Biological functions of thiamine
Bettendorff L, Wins P. Biological functions of thiamine

... cells, in E. coli it accumulates only in the absence of amino acids and therefore could be a signalling molecule involved in the adaptation to amino acid starvation12. While it was long thought that ThTP is synthesized by a ATP:ThDP phosphotransferase, the existence of such a mechanism has never bee ...
Role of the glutamine transaminase-m-amidase
Role of the glutamine transaminase-m-amidase

... Keywords : Rhipbium etli, glutamine transaminase, o-amidase, glutaminase, catabolism, symbiosis ...
Structural elements defining elongation factor Tu mediated
Structural elements defining elongation factor Tu mediated

... Figure 3. Effects of mutation of base pairs 49–65 and 51–63 of tRNAAsp, tRNAAsn and tRNAPhe on affinity of aa-tRNAs for EF-Tu. (A) KD values of T. thermophilus EF-Tu for Asp- or Asn- tRNAAsn, Asp-tRNAAsp and variants. The acylating aa and nucleotides tested at positions 49–65 and 51–63 are indicated. G ...
CYP 2D6 Polymorphism
CYP 2D6 Polymorphism

... anti-hormone ...
Cytochrome P450 and Polymorphism - uni
Cytochrome P450 and Polymorphism - uni

... In contrast, PXR is much less specific and is activated by glucocorticoids as well as by anti-glucocorticoids. Conversely, the unspecific constitutive androgen receptor (CAR) is found in the cytoplasm and dimerizes with PXR in the nucleus. Analog to PXR, the CYP2B gene is regulated. Likewise high se ...
Regulation of mitochondrial calcium in plants versus animals
Regulation of mitochondrial calcium in plants versus animals

... Ca2+ acts as an important cellular second messenger in eukaryotes. In both plants and animals, a wide variety of environmental and developmental stimuli trigger Ca2+ transients of a specific signature that can modulate gene expression and metabolism. In animals, mitochondrial energy metabolism has l ...
Purification and Characterization of Chorismate
Purification and Characterization of Chorismate

... and with protein concentration in the enzyme assay, and therefore it was considered suitable for enzyme characterization. A better, about 1200-fold purification could be achieved at expense of the yield when chromatography on cellulose phosphate was performed as the final step in the purification pr ...
Structure and Function of Thymosin β4
Structure and Function of Thymosin β4

... affinity for platelet actin. Thymosin β4 is known to be the main G-actin sequestering peptide and to accelerate wound healing. Analysis of thymosin β4 gave insight into its structure and how it sequesters G-actin. It was found that thymosin β4 has two α-helicies, one at each terminal end of the prot ...
Catabolism and biotechnological applications of cholesterol
Catabolism and biotechnological applications of cholesterol

... according to its physiological relevance, an imbalance in its blood level causes serious diseases in humans. Cholesterol is frequently found in the biosphere, not only because of its natural abundance, but also due to its high resistance to microbial degradation. Cholesterol is a recalcitrant molecu ...
Chapter 1 - York University
Chapter 1 - York University

... so it is evident that hydrogen transfer cannot occur without electron transfer. The movement of electrons in Equation 1.2 is less obvious. It occurs because oxygen is an element which attracts electrons more strongly than carbon and accordingly the electrons in CO2 are displaced, to some extent, tow ...
c12) United States Patent - Rice Scholarship Home
c12) United States Patent - Rice Scholarship Home

... The ratio of the reduced to oxidized form of this cofactor, the NADH/NAD+ ratio, is critical for the cell. The NAD(H/+) cofactor pair is very important in microbial catabolism, where a carbon source, such as glucose, is oxidized through a series of reactions utilizing NAD+ as a cofactor and producin ...
A STUDY OF THE ROLES OF SELECTED ARGININE AND
A STUDY OF THE ROLES OF SELECTED ARGININE AND

... the process is a very complex and thus requires a balance between clot formation (coagulation) and clot dissolution (fibrinolysis) (Figure 1-1). If the balance shifts toward coagulation, thrombotic events such as heart attack or stroke may occur. On the other hand, if the balance shifts toward fibri ...
UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CODON USAGE ADAPTATION IN PROKARYOTIC GENOMES
UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CODON USAGE ADAPTATION IN PROKARYOTIC GENOMES

... Translational selection and highly expressed genes Since the first nucleic acid sequences were sequenced and compared, several hypotheses about the evolution of genes and genomes have been proposed. Today, with the availability of a vast amount of sequences of proteins, genes and even genomes from a ...
Auxin: Regulation, Action, and Interaction
Auxin: Regulation, Action, and Interaction

... endogenous auxin, or by hydrolysing IAA conjugates, in which IAA is linked to amino acids, sugars or peptides. To permanently inactivate IAA, plants can employ conjugation and direct oxidation. Consistent with its definition as a hormone, IAA can be transported the length of the plant from the shoot ...
Metabolism of heme
Metabolism of heme

... the enzyme contains zinc and is very sensitive to lead and other heavy metals. Inhibition of Porphobilinogen Synthase by Pb++ results in elevated blood ALA, as impaired heme synthesis leads to derepression of transcription of the ALA Synthase gene. High ALA is thought to cause some of the neurologi ...
Identification and first characterization of pairing
Identification and first characterization of pairing

... risk (Ross et al., 2012). Besides the resulting and underestimated socio economic importance (King, 2010), schistosomes are also of basic economic relevance as they can infect animals as well (Quack et al., 2006; DeBont & Vercruysse, 1998). Pathology is not induced by adult worms, but by eggs. One f ...
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Biochemical cascade

A biochemical cascade (or a signaling pathway) is a series of chemical reactions which are initiated by a stimulus (first messenger) acting on a receptor that is transduced to the cell interior through second messengers (which amplify the initial signal) and ultimately to effector molecules, resulting in a cell response to the initial stimulus. At each step of the signaling cascade, various controlling factors are involved to regulate cellular actions, responding effectively to cues about their changing internal and external environments.
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