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Major players on the microbial stage: why archaea
Major players on the microbial stage: why archaea

Glutamate Dehydrogenases: Enzymology, Physiological
Glutamate Dehydrogenases: Enzymology, Physiological

... assimilation. While the amination reaction provides nitrogen required for many biosynthetic pathways, the oxidative deamination reaction of GDH provides carbon to the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) by conversion of L-glutamate to 2-OG and probably contributes to balancing the glutamine to glutamate ...
Formation and breakdown of ABA
Formation and breakdown of ABA

... Fig. 1. Overall scheme for (1)-abscisic acid (ABA) metabolism in a representative higher plant cell. The first biosynthetic steps from zeaxanthin to violaxanthin leading to epoxycarotenoid cleavage take place in the plastid. The cleavage product, xanthoxin, leaves the plastid (by an unknown mechanis ...
Functional characterization of the Mycobacterium
Functional characterization of the Mycobacterium

... resulting recombinant protein was used for all assays described in this paper, except the PepChip assay. The DNA fragments encoding recombinant PepE and EmbR were generated using various primers containing the additional 4 bp sequence 59-CACC-39 necessary for directional cloning on the 59 end (Table ...
Structure of a Pheromone Receptor-Associated MHC Molecule with
Structure of a Pheromone Receptor-Associated MHC Molecule with

... receptors identified a multimolecular complex formed between M10, b2m, and a V2R protein. A given neuron generally expresses only one of the roughly 150 different subtypes of V2R receptor and one of the nine known VNO– specific MHC class Ib proteins (six M10 and three M1 family genes) [8,12]. Genetic ...
Glutamine metabolism and its effects on immune response
Glutamine metabolism and its effects on immune response

... presence of two or more criteria for SIRS; however, a recent study addressed cases of individuals with SIRSnegative severe sepsis [53]. Moreover, recently, the definition of sepsis was revised, the new definition consist in a systemic response to infection with the presence of some degree of organ d ...
3 Citrate metabolism and aroma compound production in lactic acid
3 Citrate metabolism and aroma compound production in lactic acid

... diacetyl, acetoin and butanediol, which have aromatic properties. One of these compounds, diacetyl is responsible for the buttery aroma of dairy products such as butter, acid cream and cottage cheese. In addition, it is an important component of the flavour of different kinds of chesses and yoghurt. ...
Transcription factor Sp3 is silenced through - IMT
Transcription factor Sp3 is silenced through - IMT

... We asked whether Sp3 could also act as a substrate for SUMO modi®cation in vitro. We employed an in vitro SUMOylation assay using puri®ed recombinant E1 (Aos1 and Uba2 subunits) and E2 (Ubc9) enzymes and recombinant SUMO-1 (Figure 2A) (Pichler et al., 2002). As substrates, we used various recombinan ...
- VU Research Repository
- VU Research Repository

The Genera Staphylococcus and Macrococcus
The Genera Staphylococcus and Macrococcus

... possibility of false-negative reactions due to PCR inhibitors that might be present in some foods. Several conventional procedures for isolating S. aureus from foods are described below. Nonselective Enrichment Procedures It is often necessary to use nonselective enrichment procedures for the detect ...
Genome-wide Investigation of Cellular Functions for tRNA Nucleus
Genome-wide Investigation of Cellular Functions for tRNA Nucleus

... Although how exactly the tRNA nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking is regulated is still under investigation, previous studies identified several transporters involved in tRNA subcellular dynamics. At least three members of the β-importin family function in tRNA nuclear-cytoplasmic intracellular movement ...
General principles of cellular organization in the genome
General principles of cellular organization in the genome

... soluble protein complexes, of which the majority are novel. About a third of the heteromultimeric complexes show higher levels of proteome organization, including assembly into larger, multi-protein complex entities, suggesting sequential steps in biological processes, and extensive sharing of compo ...
Physiological Strategies During Animal Diapause: Lessons from
Physiological Strategies During Animal Diapause: Lessons from

... embryos are introduced into the brood pouch and then released into the lake. These embryos enter diapause at the gastrula stage (Clegg and Conte, 1980). Although the developmental cessation is complete by the time embryos are released by the female into the water column, the metabolic depression req ...
Glycine Cleavage Powers Photoheterotrophic Growth of
Glycine Cleavage Powers Photoheterotrophic Growth of

... 2Glycine + NAD+ + H2 O ↔ Serine + CO2 + NH3 + NADH + H+ In fact, the glycine consumption rate was higher than its requirement as a carbon source for biomass growth (Supplementary Figure S2). Therefore, part of glycine must be cleaved and oxidized by the THF-dependent C1 pathway, which contains succe ...
ASD v2.0: updated content and novel features
ASD v2.0: updated content and novel features

... Allostery is a fundamental process that regulates a protein’s functional activity through the induction of changes in its conformation and dynamics in response to the perturbation of an effector at a site distinct from the active site, also termed the allosteric site (1). The mechanisms of allosteri ...
Bile acids activate ryanodine receptors in pancreatic acinar cells via
Bile acids activate ryanodine receptors in pancreatic acinar cells via

... the subcellular distribution of RyR overlapped with the regions where caerulein-induced early zymogen activation occurred [10]. More importantly, the RyR inhibitor dantrolene diminished the carbachol-induced [Ca2+ ]i elevation selectively in the basolateral region and reduced the severity of experim ...
The role of homocysteine in endothelial dysfunction
The role of homocysteine in endothelial dysfunction

... In the walls blood of vessels, NO contributes to the regulation of systemic blood flow and pressure by activating intracellular signaling pathways that modulate calcium levels in VSMC resulting in vasodilation. Homocysteine is known to decrease vascular function by the oxidative depletion of biologi ...
Variation in Lignin Content and Composition
Variation in Lignin Content and Composition

Contribution of 13C-NMR spectroscopy to the elucidation of
Contribution of 13C-NMR spectroscopy to the elucidation of

... pyruvate and oxaloacetate are formed, respectively. These intermediates can be partially oxidized to acetate and partially reduced to propionate leading to stoichiometries as given in Table 2 (Eqs. 1 and 2). Also glutamate may be converted reductively to propionate (Table 2, Eq. 3). This was describ ...
Function and Control of the Spx-Family of Proteins Within
Function and Control of the Spx-Family of Proteins Within

... and its orthologs from a variety of Gram-positive and -negative species. Mutations in a gene encoding an ArsC-like protein were reported in Lactococcus lactis (Duwat et al. 1999). The mutation elevated temperature resistance in a recA mutant, stimulated proteolysis, and enhanced stress tolerance. Th ...
A Comparative Study - Carlos Ibanez Lab @ KI
A Comparative Study - Carlos Ibanez Lab @ KI

... (Ebendal et al., 1986) NGF genes were subcloned in the expression plasmid vector pXM (Yang et al., 1986) and transiently expressed in COS cells. Conditioned medium from transfected cells was then concentrated by ultrafiltration and the recombinant NGF protein present in this medium was tested for a ...
Pulmonary Surfactant Protein A Activates a
Pulmonary Surfactant Protein A Activates a

... about the signaling pathways activated by SP-A binding to its receptor(s). Ohmer-Schröck et al. (12) reported that human SP-A activates a phosphoinositide/calcium-signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis by rat alveolar macrophages. However, the signaling pathway(s) induced by SP-A in primary hum ...
The influence of age and type 2 diabetes on
The influence of age and type 2 diabetes on

... The background of the thesis is based on the conflicting results between bench and bedside regarding the susceptibility to myocardial infarction with old age and diabetes. In laboratories all over the world, strategies have been developed to protect the myocardium from this insult, including the use ...
Pyruvate : NADP+ Oxidoreductase from the Mitochondrion of
Pyruvate : NADP+ Oxidoreductase from the Mitochondrion of

... their anaerobic energy metabolism (Müller 1993, 1998; Fenchel and Finlay 1995; Biagini, Finlay, and Lloyd 1997), the evolutionary origin of this enzyme bears heavily on views concerning the metabolic lifestyle of the earliest eukaryotic cells (Martin and Müller 1998). In principle, three alternati ...
Identification of a structural motif that confers specific interaction with
Identification of a structural motif that confers specific interaction with

... nuclear abundance of COP1. The regulated HY5 degradation is likely to be mediated by the 26S proteasome and depends on its interaction with COP1 (Osterlund et al., 2000). Taken together, the results suggest that HY5 interacts with the WD40 domain of COP1 and that the interaction negatively regulates ...
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Biochemical cascade

A biochemical cascade (or a signaling pathway) is a series of chemical reactions which are initiated by a stimulus (first messenger) acting on a receptor that is transduced to the cell interior through second messengers (which amplify the initial signal) and ultimately to effector molecules, resulting in a cell response to the initial stimulus. At each step of the signaling cascade, various controlling factors are involved to regulate cellular actions, responding effectively to cues about their changing internal and external environments.
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