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Directions Use the envelopes filled with different nucleotide bases to finish the DNA strand correctly. Structure of DNA Each strand of DNA is made of chemicals called bases. There are four different types of bases, shown as A, T, C and G. In DNA, two strands coil together to form a double helix. There are chemical cross-links between the two strands, formed by pairs of bases. Genes and Proteins Each gene in a molecule of DNA contains: A different sequence of bases Codes for a particular protein Proteins are made in the cytoplasm of a cell, not in the nucleus. Genes cannot leave the nucleus, so a copy of the gene is needed. This copy is able to leave the nucleus to go into the cytoplasm so that proteins can be made by the cell. Complementary Base Pairs The four bases of DNA are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine. They always pair up in a particular way, called complementary base pairing: A–T G–C The DNA Base Code Protein structure is determined by the DNA base code. Proteins are made from lots of amino acids joined together. Each amino acid is coded by the sequence (order) of three bases. For example, GGT codes are found in glycine but TCA codes are found in serine, a different amino acid. The sequence of bases determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule. DNA controls the functions of a cell by controlling its production of proteins. Some of these proteins are enzymes. Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. They are found in the cytoplasm but DNA is found in the nucleus. The genetic code needed to make a particular protein is carried from the DNA to the ribosomes by a molecule called mRNA. Making: mRNA from DNA is called transcription Proteins from mRNA is called translation