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Genetic Recombination Exchange of genes between two DNA molecules Forms new combination of genes on a chromosome Along with mutations, contributes to genetic diversity Types of Genetic Transfer Vertical gene transfer Horizontal gene transfer •Occurs during reproduction, between generations of cells •Transfer of genes between cells of the same generation Mechanisms of Horizontal Transfer Genes are naturally transferred between bacteria using three mechanisms • Transformation Transduction Conjugation All result in recombination Transformation Transfer of naked DNA from one bacterium to another Works best when donor and receipt are closely related Discovered by Fredrick Griffith in 1928 while working with Streptococcus pneumoniae Griffith Experiment Avery, MacLeod and McCarty Showed DNA was transforming agent Competent cells pick up DNA and integrate it into chromosome Transduction Bacterial DNA transferred from donor to recipient via bacteriophage Two types of transduction Generalized Specialized Transduction Conjugation Requires direct contact between cells Only form of gene exchange in which donor survives Mediated by plasmids Can code for traits that give bacteria advantage Plasmid Types Fertility factor Dissimilation plasmids Resistance factor Bacteriocin factor Virulence plasmids Conjugation