Download cells. - Get a Clue with Mrs. Perdue

Happy Wednesday! – 1/13
The graph below shows the effects
of temperature on enzyme activity.
Which is the MOST valid conclusion
based on this graph?
A Enzymes are not affected greatly
by temperature.
B Enzymes work most effectively at
low temperatures.
C Raising the temperature always
makes an enzyme work better.
D Enzyme function decreases after
a certain favorable temperature.
Unit 4: The Cell
Robert Hooke
naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect....
(July 18, 1635 - March 3, 1703)
In 1665 Robert Hooke publishes
his book, Micrographia, which
contains his drawings of sections
of cork as seen through one of
the first microscopes (shown at
right).
He was the first person to use
the term “cells.”
Regents Biology
Cell Theory
Matthias
Schleiden
concluded that all
plants are made of
cells (1838)
Theodore
Schwann
concluded that all
animals are made
of cells (1839)
Rudolf Virchow
concluded that all
cells came from
pre-existing cells
(1855)
Cell Theory
1. All living things are made up of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in
an organism.
3.
New cells are produced from existing cells.
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Cell Specialization
Cell Differentiation cells in organisms are
specialized to perform
different tasks
Red Blood Cells
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Muscle Cells
Stomata
The Levels of Organization
Multicellular organisms are arranged from simple to
complex according to their level of cellular grouping.
cell
tissue
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organ
organ
system
organism
Levels of Organization
 What is the benefit of being made of all of these
cells?
Level
Function
Organ
system
Different organs
function together
Nervous System
Organ
Different tissues
function together
Brain
Tissues
Similar cells
function together
Cells
Cells can perform
special jobs
Example
Nervous Tissue
Neuron
Why study cells?
1.
2.
bodies are made up of cells
cells do all the work of life
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Types of Cells
bacteria
cells
1. Prokaryote
- no organelles
2. Eukaryote
- organelles
animal cells
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plant cells
Cell size comparison
most bacteria
Animal cell
Bacterial cell
 1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells
 10-100 microns
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 micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter
 diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
Different Types of Cells
 Prokaryotic
no nucleus
 Eukaryotic
nonucleus
nucleus
nucleus
small ribosomes larger
ribosomes larger ribosomes
small ribosomes
no organelles
noorganelles
organelles
small
small
very small 1-10 µm very
organelles
small 10-100 µm
only in bacteria protists, fungi,
protists, fungi,
only in bacteria
plants, animals
plants, animals
What Are the Parts of Cells
 Both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells have
some things in
common.
nuclear
cell membrane
ribosomes
cytoplasm
material
Regents Biology
 All cells have:
1. Cell Membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Ribosomes
4. Nuclear Material
(DNA & RNA)
Cells & Cell Organelles
Doing Life’s Work
AP Biology
The Work of Life
 What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live…
A.
“breathe”

B.
eat

C.
F.
H.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
remove wastes
control internal conditions

G.
ATP
build molecules

E.
take in & digest food
make energy

D.
gas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out
homeostasis
respond to external environment
build more cells
A. growth, repair, reproduction & development
Regents Biology
The Jobs of Cells
 Cells have 3 main jobs:
1. Make energy
 need energy for all activities
 need to clean up waste produced
while making energy
2. Make proteins
 proteins do all the work in a cell,
so we need lots of them
3. Make more cells
 for growth
 to replace damaged or diseased cells
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Our organelles
do all these
jobs!
Organelles
 Organelles do the work of cells

each structure has a job to do
 keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive
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Model Animal Cell
A. Cells need power!
 Making energy

to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must…
 take in food & digest it
 take in oxygen (O2)
ATP
 make ATP
 remove waste

organelles that do this work…
 cell membrane
 lysosomes
 vacuoles & vesicles
 mitochondria
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1. Cell Membrane
phosphate
“head”
 Function
A. separates cell from outside
B. controls what enters or leaves cell
 O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste
C. recognizes signals from other cells
 allows communication between cells
 Structure
D. double layer of fat
 phospholipid bilayer
E. receptor molecules
 proteins
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lipid “tail”
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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2. Vacuoles & Vesicles
 Function
moving material
around cell
 storage

small food
particle
 Structure

membrane sac
vacuole filled w/
digestive enzymes
vesicle
vesicle filled w/
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digested nutrients
Food & water storage
food vacuole
plant cells
central vacuole
animal cells
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contractile
vacuole
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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 Function
3. Lysosomes

digest food
 used to make energy

clean up & recycle
 digest broken
organelles
 Structure

lysosomes
small food
particle
vacuole
digesting food
Regents Biology
membrane sac of
digestive enzymes
digesting broken
organelles
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
4. Mitochondria
 Function

make ATP energy from cellular respiration
 sugar + O2  ATP
 fuels the work of life
 Structure

double membrane
in both animal &
plant cells
Regents Biology
ATP
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
Regents Biology
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
Happy Thursday! – 9/26
In the diagram below, which structure performs a
function similar to a function of the human lungs?
A
B
C
D
1
2
3
4
**Plants make energy two ways!
 Mitochondria

ATP
make energy from sugar + O2
 cellular respiration
 sugar + O2  ATP
 Chloroplasts

make energy + sugar from sunlight
 photosynthesis
 sunlight + CO2  ATP & sugar
 ATP = active energy
 sugar = stored energy

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build leaves & roots & fruit
out of the sugars
sugar
ATP
Mitochondria are in both cells!!
animal cells
plant cells
mitochondria
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chloroplast
cytoplasm
jelly-like material
around organelles
central vacuole
storage: food,
water or waste
cell wall
support
mitochondria
make ATP in
cellular respiration
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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chloroplast
make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
lysosome
digestion & clean up
B. Cells need workers = proteins!
 Making proteins

to run daily life & growth, the cell must…
 read genes (DNA)
 build proteins
 structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws)
 enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)
 signals (hormones) & receptors

organelles that do this work…




Regents Biology
nucleus
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
Proteins do all the work!
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,
because…
proteins do all the work!
structural
enzymes
signals
receptors
DNA
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proteins
cells
5. Nucleus
 Function
control center of cell
 protects DNA

 instructions for building proteins
 Structure
nuclear membrane
 nucleolus

 ribosome factory

chromosomes
 DNA
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cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
nucleolus
produces
ribosomes
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
chromosomes
DNA
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
Regents Biology
6. Ribosomes
 Function


make proteins
read DNA’s instructions to build proteins
 Structure


some free in cytoplasm
some attached to ER
Ribosomes on ER
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cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
nucleolus
produces
ribosomes
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
chromosomes
DNA
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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ribosomes
build proteins
7. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
 Function

Gets proteins ready for
transport
 helps complete the
proteins after ribosome builds
them

makes membranes
 Structure

rough ER
 ribosomes attached
 works on proteins

smooth ER
 makes membranes
Regents Biology
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
nucleolus
produces
ribosomes
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
chromosomes
DNA
ribosomes
builds proteins
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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ER
works on proteins
makes membranes
8. Golgi Apparatus
 Function

finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins
 like UPS headquarters
 shipping & receiving department

ships proteins in vesicles
 “UPS trucks”
 Structure

vesicles
carrying proteins
membrane sacs
Regents Biology
transport vesicles
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
nucleolus
produces
ribosomes
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
chromosomes
DNA
ribosomes
builds proteins
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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ER
helps finish proteins
makes membranes
Golgi apparatus
finishes, packages
& ships proteins
endoplasmic
reticulum
nucleus
protein
on its way!
DNA
RNA
vesicle
TO:
TO:
TO:
vesicle
ribosomes
TO:
finished
protein
protein
Golgi
apparatus
Making Proteins
Regents Biology
nucleus
control cell
protects DNA
nucleolus
make ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
processes proteins
makes membranes
ribosomes
make proteins
cytoplasm
jelly-like material
around organelles
central vacuole
storage: food,
water or waste
Golgi apparatus
finish & ship
proteins
cell wall
support
mitochondria
make ATP in
cellular respiration
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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chloroplast
make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
lysosome
digestion & clean up
C. Cells need to make more cells!
 Making more cells

to replace, repair & grow,
the cell must…
 copy their DNA
 make extra organelles
 divide the new DNA & new
organelles between 2 new
“daughter” cells

organelles that do this work…
 nucleus
 centrioles
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9. Centrioles
 Function

help coordinate cell division (mitosis)
 only in animal cells
 Structure

one pair in each cell
Regents Biology
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
chromosomes
DNA
centrioles
cell division
ribosomes
builds proteins
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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nucleolus
produces
ribosomes
ER
helps finish proteins
makes membranes
Golgi apparatus
finishes, packages
& ships proteins
Cell Summary
 Cells have 3 main jobs:

make energy
 need food + O2
 cellular respiration & photosynthesis
 need to remove wastes

make proteins
Our organelles
do all those
jobs!
 need instructions from DNA
 need to chain together amino acids & “finish”
& “ship” the protein

make more cells
 need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells
Regents Biology