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Happy Wednesday! – 1/13 The graph below shows the effects of temperature on enzyme activity. Which is the MOST valid conclusion based on this graph? A Enzymes are not affected greatly by temperature. B Enzymes work most effectively at low temperatures. C Raising the temperature always makes an enzyme work better. D Enzyme function decreases after a certain favorable temperature. Unit 4: The Cell Robert Hooke naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect.... (July 18, 1635 - March 3, 1703) In 1665 Robert Hooke publishes his book, Micrographia, which contains his drawings of sections of cork as seen through one of the first microscopes (shown at right). He was the first person to use the term “cells.” Regents Biology Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are made of cells (1838) Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals are made of cells (1839) Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells came from pre-existing cells (1855) Cell Theory 1. All living things are made up of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism. 3. New cells are produced from existing cells. Regents Biology Cell Specialization Cell Differentiation cells in organisms are specialized to perform different tasks Red Blood Cells Regents Biology Muscle Cells Stomata The Levels of Organization Multicellular organisms are arranged from simple to complex according to their level of cellular grouping. cell tissue Regents Biology organ organ system organism Levels of Organization What is the benefit of being made of all of these cells? Level Function Organ system Different organs function together Nervous System Organ Different tissues function together Brain Tissues Similar cells function together Cells Cells can perform special jobs Example Nervous Tissue Neuron Why study cells? 1. 2. bodies are made up of cells cells do all the work of life Regents Biology Types of Cells bacteria cells 1. Prokaryote - no organelles 2. Eukaryote - organelles animal cells Regents Biology plant cells Cell size comparison most bacteria Animal cell Bacterial cell 1-10 microns eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns Regents Biology micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns Different Types of Cells Prokaryotic no nucleus Eukaryotic nonucleus nucleus nucleus small ribosomes larger ribosomes larger ribosomes small ribosomes no organelles noorganelles organelles small small very small 1-10 µm very organelles small 10-100 µm only in bacteria protists, fungi, protists, fungi, only in bacteria plants, animals plants, animals What Are the Parts of Cells Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have some things in common. nuclear cell membrane ribosomes cytoplasm material Regents Biology All cells have: 1. Cell Membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Ribosomes 4. Nuclear Material (DNA & RNA) Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life’s Work AP Biology The Work of Life What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live… A. “breathe” B. eat C. F. H. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids remove wastes control internal conditions G. ATP build molecules E. take in & digest food make energy D. gas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out homeostasis respond to external environment build more cells A. growth, repair, reproduction & development Regents Biology The Jobs of Cells Cells have 3 main jobs: 1. Make energy need energy for all activities need to clean up waste produced while making energy 2. Make proteins proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them 3. Make more cells for growth to replace damaged or diseased cells Regents Biology Our organelles do all these jobs! Organelles Organelles do the work of cells each structure has a job to do keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive Regents Biology Model Animal Cell A. Cells need power! Making energy to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must… take in food & digest it take in oxygen (O2) ATP make ATP remove waste organelles that do this work… cell membrane lysosomes vacuoles & vesicles mitochondria Regents Biology 1. Cell Membrane phosphate “head” Function A. separates cell from outside B. controls what enters or leaves cell O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste C. recognizes signals from other cells allows communication between cells Structure D. double layer of fat phospholipid bilayer E. receptor molecules proteins Regents Biology lipid “tail” cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology 2. Vacuoles & Vesicles Function moving material around cell storage small food particle Structure membrane sac vacuole filled w/ digestive enzymes vesicle vesicle filled w/ Regents Biology digested nutrients Food & water storage food vacuole plant cells central vacuole animal cells Regents Biology contractile vacuole cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology Function 3. Lysosomes digest food used to make energy clean up & recycle digest broken organelles Structure lysosomes small food particle vacuole digesting food Regents Biology membrane sac of digestive enzymes digesting broken organelles cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling 4. Mitochondria Function make ATP energy from cellular respiration sugar + O2 ATP fuels the work of life Structure double membrane in both animal & plant cells Regents Biology ATP cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling Happy Thursday! – 9/26 In the diagram below, which structure performs a function similar to a function of the human lungs? A B C D 1 2 3 4 **Plants make energy two ways! Mitochondria ATP make energy from sugar + O2 cellular respiration sugar + O2 ATP Chloroplasts make energy + sugar from sunlight photosynthesis sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar ATP = active energy sugar = stored energy Regents Biology build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars sugar ATP Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells mitochondria Regents Biology chloroplast cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles central vacuole storage: food, water or waste cell wall support mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome digestion & clean up B. Cells need workers = proteins! Making proteins to run daily life & growth, the cell must… read genes (DNA) build proteins structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) signals (hormones) & receptors organelles that do this work… Regents Biology nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus Proteins do all the work! one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! structural enzymes signals receptors DNA Regents Biology proteins cells 5. Nucleus Function control center of cell protects DNA instructions for building proteins Structure nuclear membrane nucleolus ribosome factory chromosomes DNA Regents Biology cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling nucleolus produces ribosomes nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology 6. Ribosomes Function make proteins read DNA’s instructions to build proteins Structure some free in cytoplasm some attached to ER Ribosomes on ER Regents Biology cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling nucleolus produces ribosomes nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology ribosomes build proteins 7. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Function Gets proteins ready for transport helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them makes membranes Structure rough ER ribosomes attached works on proteins smooth ER makes membranes Regents Biology cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling nucleolus produces ribosomes nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology ER works on proteins makes membranes 8. Golgi Apparatus Function finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department ships proteins in vesicles “UPS trucks” Structure vesicles carrying proteins membrane sacs Regents Biology transport vesicles cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling nucleolus produces ribosomes nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology ER helps finish proteins makes membranes Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins endoplasmic reticulum nucleus protein on its way! DNA RNA vesicle TO: TO: TO: vesicle ribosomes TO: finished protein protein Golgi apparatus Making Proteins Regents Biology nucleus control cell protects DNA nucleolus make ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins makes membranes ribosomes make proteins cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles central vacuole storage: food, water or waste Golgi apparatus finish & ship proteins cell wall support mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome digestion & clean up C. Cells need to make more cells! Making more cells to replace, repair & grow, the cell must… copy their DNA make extra organelles divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells organelles that do this work… nucleus centrioles Regents Biology 9. Centrioles Function help coordinate cell division (mitosis) only in animal cells Structure one pair in each cell Regents Biology cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA centrioles cell division ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology nucleolus produces ribosomes ER helps finish proteins makes membranes Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins Cell Summary Cells have 3 main jobs: make energy need food + O2 cellular respiration & photosynthesis need to remove wastes make proteins Our organelles do all those jobs! need instructions from DNA need to chain together amino acids & “finish” & “ship” the protein make more cells need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells Regents Biology