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Francis Crick Born Francis Harry Compton Crick 8 June 1916 Weston Favell,Northamptonshire, England, UK Died 28 July 2004 (aged 88) San Diego, California, United States Residence UK, USA Nationality British Fields Physics Molecular biology Known For DNA Structure Central Dogma Consciousness Adaptor Hypothesis Notable awards •FRS (1959) •Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research (1960) •Gairdner Foundation International Award (1962) •Nobel Prize (1962) •EMBO Membership (1964) •Royal Medal (1972) •Copley Medal (1975) •Albert Medal (1987) •OM (1991) DNA Research Crick found inspiration in something he read from Erwin Schrödinger—"How can the events of space and time which take place within the. . .living organism be accounted for by physics and chemistry?"—and Watson convinced Crick that unlocking the secrets of DNA's structure would both provide the answer to Schrödinger's question and reveal DNA's hereditary role. Using X-ray diffraction studies of DNA, in 1953, James Watson and Crick constructed a molecular model representing the known physical and chemical properties of DNA. It consisted of two intertwined spiral strands, resembling a twisted ladder (referred to as the "double helix"). They hypothesized that if the two sides split from one another, each side would become the basis for a pattern for the formation of new strands identical to their former partners. This theory and subsequent research led to an explanation of the process behind the replication of a gene and, eventually, the chromosome. Crick had been inspired partly by the great quantum physicist Erwin Schrödinger’s 1944 book What is Life? Schrödinger told his fellow physicists that the molecules of life were the great unexplored frontier. Crick rejected vitalism – the idea that some additional secret sauce, unique to living things, was required to solve the great mystery of life. He believed life could be explained using a simple combination of: •self-replicating molecules produced and governed by the laws of chemistry and physics •natural selection acting upon these molecules In October 1951, Francis Crick met the 23-year old American Biologist James Watson Recently arrived from USA, he had a single overwhelming desire: He wanted to discover how DNA transferred heredity instructions from parent to offspring. At Cambridge University he joined up with Francis Crick to analyze the x-ray data (scientists could only see molecules by shining x-ray beams on them) collected by Rosalind Franklin and others. In a sudden burst of insight, Watson and Crick built a model out of brass plates and clamps and other bits of laboratory equipment in 1953. As they worked, they realized that nucleic acids are arranged on a twisted ladder, with two runners made of phosphates and sugars, and a series of rungs made of pairs of organic compounds known as bases. Years later, they won the Nobel Prize for this frenzy of discovery of DNA's double helix. Using DNA Evolutionary biology was revolutionized by the discovery of DNA. Mutations, researchers realized, change the spelling of the cookbook. A single base pair may change, or a set of genes may be duplicated. Those mutations that confer a selective advantage to an individual become more common over time, and ultimately these mutant genes may drive the older versions out of existence. Thanks to the discovery of DNA, it is now possible for scientists to identify not just the genes, but the individual bases. Before the discovery of DNA, scientists could only uncover the evolutionary tree of life by comparing the bodies and cells of different species. Now they can compare their genetic codes, working their way down to the deepest branches of life dating back billions of years.