* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download TEST REVIEW: Microscope, Cell, Viruses, Bacteria and
Survey
Document related concepts
Cytoplasmic streaming wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Biochemical switches in the cell cycle wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Programmed cell death wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Endomembrane system wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
TEST REVIEW: Microscope, Cell, Viruses, Bacteria and Protista GENERAL TERMS: Prokaryotic cells- primitive cell that lacks a nucleus and other cell organelles, only found in the bacteria domains. Eukaryotic cells- cell that contains a nucleus and cell organelles, found in the Kingdom Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Terms from the Plasmolysis Lab Homeostasis The ability of a cell or an organism to maintain internal equilibrium (balance) by adjusting its physiological processes (EX- breathing & heart rate). Osmosis: (Add to comp. Book) the movement of water molecules through a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Cell membranes are completely permeable to water, therefore, the environment the cell is exposed to can have a dramatic effect on the cell. Turgid- describes a cell that is properly hydrated Flaccid- describes a cell that is dehydrated Isotonic Solutions:(Add to comp. Book) contain the same concentration of solute as another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. The fluid that surrounds the body cells is isotonic. Hypertonic Solutions: contain a high concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel. Hypotonic Solutions: contain a low concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode. Important Medical Terms: Antibiotics- type of drug that destroys microbes in the human body Antibiotic resistant bacteria- harmful bacteria that are not effected by the drug designed to destroy them, caused by bacterial DNA mutations during treatment Microscopes: Expect to see this on the test Microscope continues: 2. Total magnification is the power of the eyepiece multipled times the power of the objective being used. 2.1 Focus on the object using the low power (4X) objective and the coarse adjustment knob. Adjust the light using the diaphragm. Make certain the spot you want to view is in the center of your field of vision. Switch to the medium (10X)power objective and focus using the fine adjustment knob. Adjust the light. When the object is clearly in focus, move the spot you want to view to the center of your field of vision. c. Carefully switch to the high power (40X) objective and focus using the fine adjustment knob ONLY. Adjust the light. Center if needed. Microscope basic rules: 10 cm from table edge Between you and your partner Always begin focusing using the low power objective. Do not use the high power objective when you are not using a cover slip. Do not move the microscope; instead, students should move over to the microscope. Do not remove a lens or unscrew any parts. When finished, lower the stage (or raise the nosepiece), return to the low power objective, turn off the light source and cover the microscope and return to correct location. Microscope continues: Wet mount slide- drop of water, item wanting to view, glass slide cover lowered at an angle onto the water to minimize air bubbles. Carry a microscope by grapping the arm of the scope with one hand, raise scope to place other hand under the base, and carry close to chest. Viruses:Viral Replication Steps (possible essay) 1. Attachment – virus attaches to the outside of the cell 2. Penetration – host cell allows virus to enter 3. Uncoating- the virus releases its genetic material into the cell’s cytoplasm 4. Takes Over and Replication– viral DNA takes over the host’s DNA and the cell is forced to make copies of the virus. 5. Assembe – the cell puts the viral components together creating 100’s of new viruses 6. Release- newly created viruses leave the cell by budding out through the membrane or by erupting the cell membrane (called lysis). Is a virus a Living Organism? Some say no some may say yes NO, because they……………… 1. Do not take in or release energy 2. Do not grow 3. Do not move on its own 4. cannot reproduce on their own Yes because… (you fill in the blank) The current theory is, viruses are cell “pieces or parts”, that were cast out of or left cells which they need to return to so they can replicate them. Two Main Types of Viruses Enveloped and Non-enveloped Enveloped virus have a lipid bilayer membrane on the outside. They get this membrane from the cell they infected as the bud out of the cell. Non-enveloped virus only have a protein capsid layer on the outside. Animal and Plant Cells (study the cells on the back of the cell reading) So, study the diagrams on the back of the Cell HW 3 Basic Concepts of the Cell Theory 1. All organisms are made of one or more cells 2. All cells carry on life activities 3. New cells are created by other living cells by the process of cell division. (possible essay!!!!) Function of Cellular Components (possible multiple choice or matching) Cell/plasma membrane Cell wall Nucleus Cytoplasm Vacuoles Chloroplast Mitochondria Ribosomes Golgi Bodies/Apparatus Lysosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough/smooth) DNA Cilia/Flagilla 5 Phases Mitosis and Description (possible diagram/phases matching and multiple choices) Interphase Monerans are Bacteria that are classified into three shapes • Coccus - spherical • Bacillus – rod or pill shape • Spirillum – short corkscrew shape (next slides show shapes, know them for the test) Coccus Bacillus Spirillum Morphology (structure) of Monerans Pay attention to the following: Prokaryotes No nucleus No organelles They do have: Cell Wall Capsule (on some) Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Flagella (movement) Cilia 4 ways bacteria obtain energy • Autotrophs:Chemotroph breakdown inorganic elements • Heterotrophs eat other living things • Sapotrophs decompose once living things • Autotrophs:Phototrophs uses sunlight and CO2 to make their food Chemotrophs Sapotrophs = Decomposers Heterotrophs Autotrophs Endospore = “ENDO’s Fo Sho” (Stay in doors (endo’s) for sure (fo sho) until the environment is suitable for life) • Thick protective wall that encloses the bacteria’s DNA and part of the cytoplasm • This is used to keep the bacteria safe during times of stress (no water, no food, no space…etc) • They are resistant to radiation, dessication (drying out), and temperature. • They can survive for hundreds of years, if not thousands of years Bacteria’s Beneficial Side Products • Sapotrophs (bacteria of decay) • Fermentation of foods in the human intestines by some bacteria • Nitrogen fixing bacteria extract nitrogen from the air that plants then use. Legumes have a symbiotic relationship with these bacteria. • Some bacteria produce vinegar • Bacteria help produce yogurt and cheese • Bacteria make the antibiotics we use to kill harmful bacteria that enter our bodies and make us sick Protista General Characteristics: unicellular, contain a nucleus (eukaryotic), most live in watery environments, generally live as individuals, but some live in colonies, autotrophic or heterotrophic 3 Categories of Protists: • Animal-like • Plant-like • Fungus-like (categorized by how they obtain their energy) Animal-like Protists: • Sarcodines- use pseudopods and engulf their food • Ciliates- use cilia to move and to sweep food particles into their oral groove • Zooflagellates- use a whip-like flagellum • Sporozoans- can not move on own and are parasitic Protists Question #5 Skip this question. How are plant-like protists important to humans? 70% of Earth’s oxygen is supplied by plant-like protists Cell Part Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Cell Wall Cytoplasm Nucleus DNA Chloroplast Mitochondria Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Endoplasmic Reticulum Prokaryote Protista Fungi Plant Animal