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Transcript
TEM - interior SEM - surface Animal Cell Plant Cell Endomembrane System Endoplasmic Reticulum Often referred to as ER. Makes up to 1/2 of the total membrane in cells. Often continuous with the nuclear membrane. Structure of ER Folded sheets or tubes of membranes. Very “fluid” in structure with the membranes constantly changing size and shape. Types of ER Smooth ER: no ribosomes. Used for lipid synthesis, carbohydrate storage, detoxification of poisons. Rough ER: with ribosomes. Makes secretory proteins. Function of Golgi Bodies Processing - modification of ER products. Distribution - packaging of ER products for transport. Golgi Vesicles Small sacs of membranes that bud off the Golgi Body. Transportation vehicle for the modified ER products. Lysosome Function Breakdown and degradation of cellular materials. Contains enzymes for fats, proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. Over 40 types known. Lysosomes Important in cell death. Missing enzymes may cause various genetic enzyme diseases. Examples: Tay-Sachs, Pompe’s Disease Vacuoles Structure - single membrane, usually larger than the Golgi vesicles. Function - depends on the organism. Function Water regulation. Storage of ions. Storage of hydrophilic pigments. (e.g. red and blues in flower petals). Function: Plant vacuole Used to enlarge cells and create turgor pressure. Enzymes (various types). Store toxins. Coloration. Enzymes in a crystal Mitochondria Structure: 2 membranes. The inner membrane has more surface area than the outer membrane. Matrix: inner space. Intermembrane space: area between the membranes. Inner Membrane Folded into cristae. Amount of folding depends on the level of cell activity. Contains many enzymes. ATP generated here. Function Cell Respiration - the release of energy from food. Major location of ATP generation. “Powerhouse” of the cell. Chloroplasts Structure - two outer membranes. Complex internal membrane. Fluid-like stroma is around the internal membranes. Inner or Thylakoid Membranes Arranged into flattened sacs called thylakoids. Some regions stacked into layers called grana. Contain the green pigment chlorophyll. Function Photosynthesis - the use of light energy to make food. Plastids Group of plant organelles. Structure - single membrane. Function - store various materials. Examples Amyloplasts/ Leucoplasts - store starch. Chromoplasts - store hydrophobic plant pigments such as carotene. Cytoskeleton Network of rods and filaments in the cytoplasm. Functions Cell structure and shape. Cell movement. Cell division - helps build cell walls and move the chromosomes apart. Cytoskeleton Very dynamic; changing in composition and shape frequently. Cell is not just a "bag" of cytoplasm within a cell membrane. Cell Wall Nonliving jacket that surrounds some cells. Found in: Plants Prokaryotes Fungi Some Protists Plant Cell Walls All plant cells have a Primary Cell Wall. Some cells will develop a Secondary Cell Wall. Cell Walls May be made of other types of polysaccharides and/or silica. Function as the cell's exoskeleton for support and protection.