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DNA • DNA is the molecule that is in charge of storing genetic information. DNA • DNA is the molecule that is in charge of storing genetic information. • It’s like the English language except that there are only 4 letters (A,T,C,G) and all the words are 3 letters long. DNA • DNA is the molecule that is in charge of storing genetic information. • It’s like the English language except that there are only 4 letters (A,T,C,G) and all the words are 3 letters long. • A single section of DNA would contain those letters (nucleotides) in some sequence. If this section is in ‘charge’ of something we call it a gene…… GENE • Gene – a section of DNA in charge of something. GENE • Gene – a section of DNA in charge of something. • Could be in charge of making a protein (like the gene for the molecule keratin has its nucleotides in an order such that the amino acid sequence that is made from those directions will make keratin) GENE • Gene – a section of DNA in charge of something. • Could be in charge of making a protein (like the gene for the molecule keratin has its nucleotides in an order such that the amino acid sequence that is made from those directions will make keratin) • Could be a ‘regulatory’ gene – like a foreman in a factory who produces nothing directly, but who receives directions and then directs others to influence what gets made. Easier to think of the former – one gene, one protein. CHROMOSOMES • The total DNA of an organism (its genome) is small enough in bacteria that it can all be on a single molecule. It’s a single circular chromosome. CHROMOSOMES • The total DNA of an organism (its genome) is small enough in bacteria that it can all be on a single molecule. It’s a single circular chromosome. • But in us complex creatures, there’s way too much to fit on one chromosome. So it’s packaged in ‘volumes’. CHROMOSOMES • The total DNA of an organism (its genome) is small enough in bacteria that it can all be on a single molecule. It’s a single circular chromosome. • But in us complex creatures, there’s way too much to fit on one chromosome. So it’s packaged in ‘volumes’. • Every organism has a ‘characteristic’ # of chromosomes. Fruit flies have 8. Plants have many dozens, even hundreds. We humans have 46. SOOOOO… • A chromosome consists of a long stretch of DNA, portions of which are ‘genes’. So, we could say that a chromosome consists of a bunch of genes. SOOOOO… • A chromosome consists of a long stretch of DNA, portions of which are ‘genes’. So, we could say that each chromosome consists of a bunch of genes. • These genes are NOT organized by function. For example, there is a set of genes that collectively are in charge of cell division. But they aren’t located together – they’re spread out amongst all the chromosomes. ALSO! • Remember that each of us complex critters have a set of genetic material from mom and another from dad. • Remember that each of us complex critters have a set of genetic material from mom and another from dad. • So you have a pair of each of 23 chromosomes • Remember that each of us complex critters have a set of genetic material from mom and another from dad. • So you have a pair of each of 23 chromosomes • Each pair is homologous in that they have the same genes – they’re in charge of the same stuff. GENE RELATIONSHIPS • What this means is that the homologous genes might not say the same thing for example, the earlobe gene might say ‘attached’ or might say ‘free’. GENE RELATIONSHIPS • What this means is that the homologous genes might not say the same thing for example, the earlobe gene might say ‘attached’ or might say ‘free’. • If they do say the same thing there’s no argument between the genes. This is ‘homozygous’. GENE RELATIONSHIPS • But if they’re different they’ll need to find way to resolve that difference. GENE RELATIONSHIPS • But if they’re different they’ll need to find way to resolve that difference. • A different form for a particular gene is called an ‘allele’. GENE RELATIONSHIPS • But if they’re different they’ll need to find way to resolve that difference. • A different form for a particular gene is called an ‘allele’. • Mendel’s pea plant alleles all had a particular kind of relationship. GENE RELATIONSHIPS • But if they’re different they’ll need to find way to resolve that difference. • A different form for a particular gene is called an ‘allele’. • Mendel’s pea plant alleles all had a particular kind of relationship. GENE RELATIONSHIPS • If they were both present (one from mom, one from dad, called ‘heterozygous’) only one was ‘expressed’. OTHER VOCABULARY • Trait – a physical characteristic OTHER VOCABULARY • Trait – a physical characteristic • Genotype – the actual genetic makeup of the organism (homozygous dominant, heterozygous, homozygous recessive) for a particular trait OTHER VOCABULARY • Trait – a physical characteristic • Genotype – the actual genetic makeup of the organism (homozygous dominant, heterozygous, homozygous recessive) for a particular trait • Phenotype – what it looks like – for that trait. OTHER VOCABULARY • Trait – a physical characteristic • Genotype – the actual genetic makeup of the organism (homozygous dominant, heterozygous, homozygous recessive) for a particular trait • Phenotype – what it looks like – for that trait. • Locus – where the gene is located OTHER VOCABULARY • Gamete – a sperm or egg – has one set of chromosomes. OTHER VOCABULARY • Gamete – a sperm or egg – has one set of chromosomes. • Haploid – refers to any cell with only one set of chromosomes – like gametes! OTHER VOCABULARY • Gamete – a sperm or egg – has one set of chromosomes. • Haploid – refers to any cell with only one set of chromosomes – like gametes! • Zygote – the product of two gametes coming together in fertilization OTHER VOCABULARY • Gamete – a sperm or egg – has one set of chromosomes. • Haploid – refers to any cell with only one set of chromosomes – like gametes! • Zygote – the product of two gametes coming together in fertilization • Diploid – any cell with two sets of chromosomes – most of our cells are