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EOC VOCABULARY REVIEW - KEY BIOCHEMISTRY: Carbohydrates Photosynthesis Anaerobic HONC ATP Monomer Cellular Respiration Phospholipids Organic Nucleic Acids Hydrogen Hydrophobic Enzyme ADP Lipids Peptide Hydrolysis CELLS: Chlorophyll Chromosomes Vacuole Nucleus Tissues Aerobic respiration Ribosomes Mitochondria organelles Cell Anaerobic respiration Alcoholic fermentation ATP) Cytoplasm Meiosis Homeostasis 1. Sugar, starch & cellulose 2. Food making process in green plants 3. Absence of free atmospheric oxygen; 4. Acronym of the 4 most abundant elements found in all living things (the first letter of each word) 5. High energy storage compound (used by all cells) 6. Term for a single ‘subunit’ in biochemistry 7. Process of transferring energy stored in glucose to ATP 8. Primary component of the cell membrane 9. Compounds that contain carbon are classified as __. 10. DNA and RNA are examples of this type of compound. 11. A weak, but very important bond (can be easily broken) 12. ‘Water fearing’ 13. A type of protein that can speed up the rate of a reaction; never used up 14. This molecule is formed when ATP loses one phosphate & releases energy to be used by the cell. 15. fatty acids and glycerol are building blocks of __. 16. Bond formed between two amino acids 17. Using water molecules to break down polymers. 18. Photosynthetic pigment 19. Rod or X shaped structure that controls inheritance 20.Storage tank for H20 & dissolved material 21. Control center of cell activities; found only in eukaryotic cells 22. Made of cells and combines to make up organs 23. Form of respiration that uses 02 to produce ATP (most efficient form of respiration). 24. Site of protein production. 25. Powerhouse of cell ( makes ATP in all eukaryotes); active cells must have MANY of these 26. Basic unit of structure and function of all living things 27. Process in which cells make ATP without oxygen. 28. Term for the above process when performed by yeast cells (products include CO 2, alcohol, 2 29. Cell material found between the cell membrane and the nucleus 30. Cell division that occurs in formation of gametes. 31. Maintaining stable internal conditions (even when the outside conditions are changing). DNA & Protein Synthesis: Protein Synthesis 32. Codons 33. Transcription 34. Nitrogen bases 35. Nucleic Acid (DNA/RNA) 36. Ribose 37. Protein (Polypeptide) 38. DNA 39. Translation 40. Double helix 41. Process that begins with a set of instructions written in DNA & finishes with a chain of aas Made up of three mRNA nucleotides Transfer of instructions from DNA to mRNA Adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine & thymine Nucleotide + nucleotide + nucleotide + nucleotide + nucleotide = ? Sugar found in RNA nucleotides Amino acid + amino acid + amino acid + amino acid = ? Double stranded nucleotides of deoxyribose, phosphate group, and base. tRNA bonds amino acids in order of a particular protein Shape of DNA CELL TRANSPORT: Osmosis 42. Movement of water through semipermeable membrane Diffusion or Passive Transport 43. Movement of material across the cell membrane that does not require cell energy Hypotonic solution 44. Type of solution (found outside a cell) that would cause a cell to swell and burst. Diffusion 45. Molecules spreading out, moving toward an area of lower concentration. Facilitated diffusion 46. Form of passive transport that utilizes proteins Pumps 47. Form of active transport that utilizes proteins ATP 48. Energy storing molecule needed for active transport. Equilibrium 49. Balance (equal throughout) Isotonic solution 50. Solution content equal inside and outside cell Active Transport 51. Molecules move against concentration gradient Swell 52. Putting a saltwater fish into a freshwater tank would cause __(what happens to the cells?). Shrink 53. The affect of placing a plant cell in salt water solution (hypertonic) 4\ CELL REPRODUCTION / GENETICS: Karyotype 54. Used to count & examine the chromosomes of a single cell; often used to detect genetic disorders Gamete 55. Term for egg or sperm Zygote 56. Term for a fertilized egg Phenotype 57. Physical trait expressed using words Diploid 58. Somatic or body cells are called __ cells because they have two sets of chromosomes. Metaphase 59. Lining of chromosomes up at the equator of the cell Asexual 60. Form of reproduction that limits genetic variation (produces genetically identical daughter cells) Crossing over 61. Exchange of genetic information between similar chromosomes (happens during prophase I) Interphase 62. Part of cell cycle in which the cell grows (longest stage of the cell cycle). Fertilization 63. Union of egg and sperm Homologous 64. Chromosomes with the same kinds of genes (one is from mom and the other is from dad) Sex-linked 65. Genes found on the X or Y chromosome Down’s syndrome 66. 3 - 21st chromosomes, also known as Trisomy 21