Download AP Biology Final Exam Study guide Fall 2013

AP BIOLOGY – FALL FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE – WHAT TO KNOW
Chemistry
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Covalent, polar covalent, ionic bonding
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O & N as electronegative atoms
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Geometry, Lewis structure, polarity of H2O
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Biologically important properties of H2O
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Ionization of water; relationships of pH, [H+], pOH, [OH-]
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Hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions
Organic Chemistry & Macromolecules
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Bonding properties of C
Naming of organic compounds
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Organic functional groups; methyl, hydroxyl/alcohol/carboxyl, amino, carbonyl,
aldehyde, ketone, phosphate, sulfhydryl
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Macromolecules categories and their monomers & polymers
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Hydrolysis vs. dehydration reactions
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Essential structures and functions of carbohydrates, triglycerides, phospholipids,
steroids, amino acids, proteins, nucleotides/nucleic acids
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Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids
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Categories of amino acid R groups
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Levels of protein structure, and what is responsible for each
Cell Structure
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Cell = basic unit of life
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Cell theory
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Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells
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Ribosomes
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Surface area : volume ratio
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Eukaryotic cell structures & their functions:
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Nucleus, nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus
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Free vs. bound ribosomes
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Endomembrane System: rough vs. smooth ER, transport vesicles, Golgi
apparatus, lysosome; food, contractile and central vacuoles
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Mitochondrion
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Chloroplast
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Peroxisome
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Cytoskeleton: microfilaments, centrosomes/centrioles, cilia,
flagella,“9+2” 9 + 0 Cell wall
 Intercellular junctions: plasmodesmata, tight & gap junctions,
desmosomes
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Membrane structure: phospholipids, cholesterol, membrane proteins, fluid mosaic model,
amphipathic, membrane carbohydrates
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Concentration gradients
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Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion
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Osmosis & water balance
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Carrier & channel proteins
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Active transport: Na+ - K+ & proton pumps
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Cotransport vs. counter transport
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Hypotonic, isotonic, & hypertonic solutions
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Endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, & receptor-mediated endocytosis
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Exocytosis
Metabolism
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Free energy, ∆G
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Activation energy
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Exergonic vs. Endergonic reactions
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Metabolism = anabolism + catabolism
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Energy coupling
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Enzymes: enzyme - substrate complex, active site, induced fit, cofactors,
coenzymes, competitive vs. noncompetitive inhibition, allosteric regulation
DNA Structure & Replication
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Double helix model
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A, T (U), G, C
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5’ phosphate, 3’- HO
 Hydrogen bounded base pairs; antiparallel, sugar—phosphate…
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Bacterial transformation
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Bacteriophages
Biotechnology
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Recombinant DNA
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Transgenic Organisms
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Plasmids, cloning & expression vectors, restriction enzymes, restriction
fragments, sticky ends, DNA ligase
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Gel electrophoresis
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Column chromatography
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Polymerase chain reaction
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Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
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Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
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The difference between fermentation and cellular respiration
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The role of glycolysis in oxidizing glucose to two molecules of pyruvate
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The process that brings pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria and
introduces it into the citric acid cycle.
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How the process of chemiosmosis utilizes the electrons from NADH and
FADH2 to produce ATP
• Catabolic/ anabolic respiration
• Aerobic respiration
• Redox reaction
• ATP synthase
• Proton motive force
• Chemiosmosis
• Oxidative phosphorylation
• Anaerobic
• Alcohol/ lactic acid fermentation
• Facultative anaerobes
• Biosynthesis
Chapter 10: Photosynthesis
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How photosystems convert solar energy to chemical energy
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How linear electron flow in the light reactions result in the formation of ATP,
NADPH, and O2
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How chemiosmosis generates ATP in the light reactions
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How the Calvin Cycle uses the energy molecules of the light reactions to
produce G3P
• The metabolic adaptations of C4 and
CAM plants to arid, dry regions
• Autotrophs
• Heterotrophs
• Chloroplasts
• Mesophyll
• Stroma
• Thylakoid
• Chlorophyll
• Stomata
• Light reactions
• Photophosphorylation
• Absorption/action spectrum
• The photosystems
• Reaction center
• Primary electron acceptor
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Linear/cyclic electron flow
Calvin cycle→ RuBP, G3P
Chapter 35: Plant structure, Growth, and Development
You Must Know
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The function of xylem and phloem tissue.
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The specific functions of tracheids, vessels, sieve-tube elements, and companion
cells.
Concept: The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells
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Root system
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Mycorrhizae
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Shoot system
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Stems
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Terminal bud
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Axillary buds
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Leaves
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Dermal tissue
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Vascular tissue
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Xylem
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Phloem
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Ground tissue
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Parenchyma cells
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Collenchyma cells
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Sclerenchyma cells
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Xylem cells
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Tracheids
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Vessels
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Phloem cells
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Sieve-tube elements
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Companion cells
Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants
 The role of passive transport, active transport, and cotransport in plant transportation
 The role of diffusion, active transport, and bulk flow in the movement of water and
nutrients in plants
 How the transpiration cohesion-tension mechanism explains water movement in
plants
 How pressure flow explains translocation
 Transport protein
 Proton pump
 Cotransport
 Water potential
 Aquaporins
 Bulk flow
 Mycorrhizae
 Endodermis
 Transpiration
 Root pressure
 Sugar source/ sugar sink
Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein
 Ribozyme
 Significance of introns and exons
 Transcription and translation ( Initiation to termination)
 RNA and DNA polymerase ( compare and contrast)
 Transcription pre mRNA to mRNA
 RNA processing cap and tail
 Analysis of genetic: codon, anticodon, amino acid to protein
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
Translation – protein synthesis (A/P/E) Site
TATA box
Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression
 Cyclic AMP
 DNA methylation
 Lac Operon
 TRP Operon
 Operon , promoter, inducer, repressor, operator, and corepressor
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How are genes expressed