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Transcript
TORTORA • FUNKE • CASE Microbiology AN INTRODUCTION EIGHTH EDITION B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein Chapter 4, part B Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Plasma Membrane • Functions for membranes • Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules • Movement through the membrane • Active - requires energy • Passive - no energy involved • Enzymes for ATP production • Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called chromatophores or thylakoids Plasma Membrane • Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents. Movement Across Membranes Passive Transport Diffusion and Osmosis • Simple diffusion: Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. • Facilitative diffusion: Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane. Movement Across Membranes Figure 4.17 Movement Across Membranes • Osmosis • Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water. • Osmotic pressure • The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane. Figure 4.18a Figure 4.18c-e Movement Across Membranes • Active transport of substances requires a transporter protein and ATP. • Group translocation of substances requires a transporter protein and PEP. Cytoplasm • Cytoplasm is the substance inside the plasma membrane Figure 4.6a, b Nuclear Area • Nuclear area (nucleoid) Figure 4.6a, b Ribosomes Figure 4.6a Ribosomes 50S and 30S subunits making a 70S ribosome Composed of RNA and protein Figure 4.19 Inclusions • Metachromatic granules (volutin) •Phosphate reserves • Polysaccharide granules •Energy reserves • Lipid inclusions •Energy reserves • Sulfur granules •Energy reserves • Carboxysomes •Ribulose 1,5diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation • Gas vacuoles •Protein covered cylinders • Magnetosomes •Iron oxide (destroys H2O2) Endospores • Resting cells • Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals • Bacillus, Clostridium • Sporulation: Endospore formation • Germination: Return to vegetative state Figure 4.21a Eukaryotic Cells • Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells • Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for pre-nucleus. • Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus. Figure 4.22a Flagella and Cilia Figure 4.23a, b Eukaryotic Flagella • Microtubules • Tubulin • 9 pairs + 2 arrangements Figure 4.23c Cell Wall • Cell wall • Plants, algae, fungi • Carbohydrates • Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan • Glycocalyx • Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane • Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane Plasma Membrane • Phospholipid bilayer • Peripheral proteins • Integral proteins • Transmembrane proteins • Sterols • Glycocalyx carbohydrates Plasma Membrane • Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules • Simple diffusion • Facilitative diffusion • Osmosis • Active transport • Endocytosis • Phagocytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf particles • Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward bringing in fluid and dissolved substances Eukaryotic Cell • Cytoplasm membrane Substance inside plasma and outside nucleus • Cytosol Fluid portion of cytoplasm • Cytoskeleton Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules • Cytoplasmic streaming Movement of cytoplasm throughout cells Organelles • Membrane-bound: • Nucleus Contains chromosomes • ER Transport network • Golgi complex Membrane formation and secretion • Lysosome Digestive enzymes • Vacuole Brings food into cells and provides support • Mitochondrion Cellular respiration • Chloroplast Photosynthesis • Peroxisome Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2 Eukaryotic Cell • Not membrane-bound: • Ribosome Protein synthesis • Centrosome Consists of protein fibers and centrioles • Centriole Mitotic spindle formation Nucleus Figure 4.24 Endoplasmic Reticulum Figure 4.25 Ribosomes • 80S • Membrane-bound Attached to ER • Free In cytoplasm • 70S • In chloroplasts and mitochondria Golgi Complex Figure 4.26 Lysosomes Figure 4.22b Vacuoles Figure 4.22b Mitochondrion Figure 4.27 Chloroplast Figure 4.28 Endosymbiotic Theory http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/nonmajorsbiology/organelles.html Figure 10.2 Endosymbiotic theory2 QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
