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The following is a glossary of animal cell anatomy terms.
cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. The cell
membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and
blocking others.
cytoplasm - the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are
located.
Golgi body - (also called the Golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a flattened, layered,
sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. It
produces the membranes that surround the lysosomes. The Golgi body packages
proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell.
lysosome - (also called cell vesicles) round organelles surrounded by a membrane and
containing digestive enzymes. This is where the digestion of cell nutrients takes place.
mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The
inner membrane is infolded many times, forming a series of projections (called
cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) for the cell.
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nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
nucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced. Some cells have more
than one nucleolus.
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nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of
the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is
surrounded by the nuclear membrane.
ribosome - small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis.
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rough endoplasmic reticulum - (rough ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and
convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear
membrane). Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transports
materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body,
or inserted into the cell membrane).
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and
convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear
membrane). The space within the ER is called the ER lumen. Smooth ER transports materials through the cell.
It contains enzymes and produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from
rough ER, moving the newly-made proteins and lipids to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and membranes.
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vacuole - fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded cavities inside a cell. The vacuole fills with food being digested
and waste material that is on its way out of the cell.
The following is a glossary of plant cell anatomy terms.
cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell, but is inside the cell wall. The cell membrane is
semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.
cell wall - a thick, rigid membrane that surrounds a plant cell. This layer of cellulose fiber gives the cell most of its
support and structure. The cell wall also bonds with other cell walls to form the structure of the plant.
cytoplasm - the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located.
Golgi body - (also called the golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a
stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. The golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membranebound vesicles for "export" from the cell.
mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded many
times, forming a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) for the cell.
vacuole - a large, membrane-bound space within a plant cell that is filled with fluid. Most plant cells have a single
vacuole that takes up much of the cell. It helps maintain the shape of the cell.
nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
nucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced.
nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions
of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded by the
nuclear membrane
ribosome - small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis.
rough endoplasmic reticulum - (rough ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted
sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Rough ER is
covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transport materials through the cell and
produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane).
smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and
convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane).
The space within the ER is called the ER lumen. Smooth ER transport materials through the cell. It contains enzymes
and produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from rough ER, moving the
newly-made proteins and lipids to the Golgi body and membranes
chlorophyll - chlorophyll is a molecule that can use light energy from sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide gas
into sugar and oxygen (this process is called photosynthesis). Chlorophyll is magnesium based and is usually green.
chloroplast - an elongated or disc-shaped organelle containing chlorophyll. Photosynthesis (in which energy from
sunlight is converted into chemical energy - food) takes place in the chloroplasts.
stroma - part of the chloroplasts in plant cells, located within the inner membrane of chloroplasts, between
the grana.
thylakoid disk - thylakoid disks are disk-shaped membrane structures in chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll.
Chloroplasts are made up of stacks of thylakoid disks; a stack of thylakoid disks is called a granum. Photosynthesis
(the production of ATP molecules from sunlight) takes place on thylakoid disks.
granum - (plural grana) A stack of thylakoid disks within the chloroplast is called a granum.