Download Biology Study Guide

Biology Study Guide
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What is not necessarily a characteristic of living things?
- complexity
What is not a partial explanation for out lack of understanding of many of the living things on Earth?
-Many organisms are so different from other organisms that it is difficult to understand them.
Homeostasis means_____.
- keeping things the same.
A hypothesis is ______.
- a testable possible explanation of an observation.
A scientific theory is absolutely certain.
observation : hypothesis ::
- hypothesis : experiment
A condenser_____.
- is the concentrate light
Hooke's discovery of cells was made observing dead plant cells.
The plasma membrane encloses the contents of a cell, allows material to enter and leave the cell, and is
selectively permeable.
A particularly active call might contain large numbers of mitochondria.
The Golgi Complex is an organelle that receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum, labels
the molecules made in the endoplasmic reticulum with tags that specify their destination, and releases
molecules in vesicles.
cell : plasma membrane :: nucleus : nuclear envelope
Chloroplasts are like mitochondria because they can both use energy from sunlight.
Lysosome are suicide sacs.
Peroxisome changes harmful substances to peroxide.
Microfilament is the thin protein fiber that is part of cytoskeleton.
Cytosol is the soluble portion of the cytoplasm
If you stir salt into boiling water, you produce a mixture called a solution.
The mixture of water and living cells would best called a suspension.
In chemical reactions, atoms are rearranged.
Carbon atoms can bond together they do not form inorganic structures. They form ring structures,
straight chain structures, and branched structures.
Steroids is not a carbohydrate, but sugar, cellulose, and glycogen is.
All compounds contain the element carbon.
Amino acid : protein :: simple sugar : starch
The physical and chemical properties of a compound are usually very different from those of the elements
from which it is formed.
Water molecules are polar, with the oxygen side being slightly negative and the hydrogen side being
slightly positive.
A protein is not a monomer, but a glucose molecule, nucleotide, and an amino acid is.
Water molecules break up other polar substance such as salts, because of the uneven charge distribution
that exists in water molecules, and thus freeing ions in these substances for use by the body.
The concentration of a solution is the amount of a solute that is dissolved in a fixed amount of a solution.
Amino acids are monomers of proteins.
Buffers tend to prevent great fluctuations.
Catalysts lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction.
Adhesion is a attractive force between unlike substances.
ATP= Adenosine triposphate
Benedict's- simple sugars
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Biuret- protein
Iodine- starch
Sudan- lipids
Ethanol- fat solubility
As a result of diffusion, the concentration of many types of substances eventually becomes balanced on
both sides of a membrane.
Diffusion takes place from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Heavy rains : flooding :: concentration difference : osmosis
Sugar molecules can enter cells through the process of facilitated diffusion.
Electrical or chemical signals may control the movement of ions across cell membranes.
Potassium ions enter a cell by active transport.
ion channels : ions :: sodium-potassium pump : sodium
Molecules that are too large to be moved across a cell membrane can be transported into the cell by
endocytosis.
Molecules that are too large to be moved across a cell membrane can be removed from the cell by
exocytosis.
Placing a plant into a hypertonic environment will cause turgor pressure to decrease.
Hormones are not a cell surface protein.
Active transport includes endocytosis, Phagoctosis, and Pinocytosis.
When a cell uses energy to transport a particle through its plasma membrane toward the side of higher
concentration, the cell is using active transport.
Active transport- proton pumps, coupled channels, sodium-potassium pumps. Passive transportfacilitated diffusion.
A cell membrane consists of phospholipids and different large molecules of proteins.
Molecules that are too large to be moved across a cell membrane can be removed from the cell by
exocytosis.
Plasmolysis- condition of a cell that wilts as a result of water loss.
The permeability of the plasma membrane depends upon the structure of the membrane, size of the
particles, chemical makeup of the particles, and conditions inside or outside the cell.
If the molecular concentration of a substance is the same throughout space, the substance is in
equilibrium.
A membrane is selectively permeable if it lets only some materials pass through.
Shrinking of a human red blood cell would occur if the cell were in a hypertonic solution.
Ion channels aid in the movement of ions across a cell membrane.
The sodium-potassium pump transports NA+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell.
Phagocytosis is the process when some cells use to engulf, digest, and destroy invading bacteria.
Passive transport : osmosis :: active transport : endocytosis
When a chlorophyll molecule absorbs light, some of its electrons are raised to a higher energy level.
light reactions : thylakoids :: Calvin cycle : stroma
NADP+ is important in photosynthesis because it provides protons and electrons for some reactions.
Chemiosmosis is a process that occurs in the thylakoid membrane and converts captured light energy into
chemical energy.
Chemiosmosis in the thylakoid membrane is directly responsible for providing the energy to produce ATP
molecules.
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C3, C4, and CAM plants differ from each other in that C3 and C4 plants have their stomata open during
the day and CAM plants have their stomata open only at night.
ATP is essential for a cell to perform all the tasks necessary for life.
Krebs cycle : CO2 :: electron transport chain : ATP
ATP molecules produced during aerobic respiration enter the cell's cytoplasm through the membranes of
the mitochondria in which they are formed.
Sugars are produced in chloroplasts. These sugars can be stored in the plant for later use, converted to
other chemicals, or broken down in aerobic respiration to yield ATP for the plant to use to meet its energy
needs.
In cellular respiration, the most energy is transferred during the electron transport chain.
Water, temperature, and light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis.