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Transcript
Name ________________________________________________ Date ______________ Modeling The Cell Cycle Lab Introduction: The growth of an organism is controlled at the cellular level. An organism’s cells are in a continuous cycle of growth and division. Each new daughter cell produced during this process has the same exact genetic information that the parent cell had. The growth and division of a cell is called the cell cycle. The cell cycle is important for growth and repair in multicellular organisms and for reproduction in unicellular organisms. Background Information: 1. What are the three steps of the cell cycle? a. ___________________________ b. ___________________________ c. ___________________________ 2. How many chromosomes are in the body cells of humans? ______________ 3. When your body cells undergo mitosis, how many chromosomes do the new daughter cells have? _________________ 4. What are the steps (in order) of mitosis? a. __________________________ b. __________________________ c. __________________________ d. __________________________ 5. During telophase what structure do plant cells form that animal cells do not? _________________________________ Procedure: Using the prepared slide of a root tip, find and draw one cell that is in each of the stages of the cell cycle. Use pencil!! Data: Interphase: Prophase: Metaphase: Label: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell wall, cell membrane Label: nuclear envelope, chromosomes, cell wall, cell membrane Label: chromosomes, cell wall, cell membrane Anaphase: Label: chromatids, cell wall, cell membrane Telophase: Label: cell plate, cell wall, cell membrane, nuclear region Cytokinesis: Label: nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane, cell plate Analysis and Conclusion: The illustration below shows various stages of mitosis in a fast growing onion root tip. Color the diagram above using the following key: interphase – red prophase - purple metaphase - blue anaphase - orange telophase - green Calculate the percentage of cells in the diagram of the onion that are in each stage. Circle your answer. Interphase Anaphase Prophase Telophase Metaphase Remember: What part of a very young onion would most likely go through the cell cycle the most, root, stem, or leaf? Explain your choice using your knowledge of plant growth. Label the following diagram of mitosis of an animal cell. The letters indicate stages of the cell cycle. The numbers represent cellular structures. Which stage of the cell cycle is not represented in the diagram above? _________________ What stage are the daughter cells in at the end of the cell cycle?____________________ If a body cell from a horse with 64 chromosomes went through mitosis how many chromosomes would be in the daughter cells? ______________ How many daughter cells are produced from mitosis? _________ Importance of mitosis Mitosis is the process that a body cell divides into two daughter cells. It is an important process in normal organism development. When mitosis is out of control, diseases such as cancer may occur. Cell structures for mitosis Mitosis requires a set of specialized cell structures. Chromosomes are the most important part for mitosis because they are duplicated and then separated evenly into two daughter cells. On a chromosome there is a special structure called centromere, where the spindle, a structure pulling the chromosomes to two poles, attach. Mitosis Mitosis is composed of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The cell cycle phase between two mitoses is called interphase, where chromosomes are loose and stretched. During prophase chromosome start to condense, in the metaphase, they are visible under microscope. Chromosomes are also lined up in the middle of cell and ready to be pulled to the two poles by spindle. This is done in anaphase and telophase, upon which nuclear separation is finished. Cytokinesis follow and two cells are generated. http://www.rapidlearningcenter.c om/biology/genetics/04-Mitosisand-Meiosis.html Type a quote from the document or the summary of an interesting point. You can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Drawing Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text box.] Mitosis is nuclear division plus cytokinesis, and produces two identical daughter cells during prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Interphase is often included in discussions of mitosis, but interphase is technically not part of mitosis. Interphase The cell is engaged in metabolic activity and performing its function. It prepares for mitosis (the next four phases that lead up to and include nuclear division). Chromosomes are not clearly visible in the nucleus, although a dark spot called the nucleolus may be visible. Prophase Chromatin in the nucleus begins to condense and becomes visible in the light microscope as chromosomes. The nucleolus disappears. Centrioles begin moving to opposite ends of the cell. Some fibers cross the cell to form the mitotic spindle. The nuclear membrane breaks down. Metaphase Spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the middle of the cell nucleus. This organization helps to ensure that in the next phase, when the chromosomes are separated, each new nucleus will receive one copy of each chromosome. Anaphase The paired chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase Chromatids arrive at opposite poles of cell, and new membranes form around the daughter nuclei. The chromosomes disperse and are no longer visible under the light microscope. The spindle fibers disperse, and cytokinesis or the partitioning of the cell may also begin during this stage. Cytokinesis In animal cells, cytokinesis results when the cell membrane contracts pinching the cell into two daughter cells, each with one nucleus. In plant cells, the rigid wall requires that a cell plate be synthesized between the two daughter cells. http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells3.html Cell Division During interphase, the cell grows to its mature size, makes a copy of its DNA, and prepares to divide into two cells. During mitosis, one copy of the DNA is distributed into each of the two daughter cells. During cytokinesis, the cell’s cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells. Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Cells and Heredity