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Cell Structure
Chapter 7.2
A Factory
Cell Organization
• Central control - Nucleus
• Organelles that store, clean up, and support
– Vacuoles/vesicles, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles
• Organelles that build proteins
– Ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies
• Organelles that capture and release energy
– Chloroplasts, Mitochondria
• Cellular boundaries
– Cell wall, cell membrane
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hmwvj9X4GNY&fe
ature=fvwrel
Nucleus and Cytoplasm
• ____________ = the gel stuff inside the cell
but outside the nucleus
Nucleus and Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm = the gel stuff inside the cell but
outside the nucleus
Organelles
• “_____________” – structures in the
eukaryotic cell that have a specific function
– Many are membrane-bound
Organelles
• “Little organs” – structures in the eukaryotic
cell that have a specific function
– Many are membrane-bound
Nucleus
• Contains __________ –
instructions for making
the proteins of the cell
– Nuclear membrane –
1000s of pores
– Chromosomes are
usually spread out in
invisibly thin threads
throughout the nucleus
– chromatin
– Nucleolus – dense area
of nucleus
Nucleus
• Contains DNA –
instructions for making
the proteins of the cell
– Nuclear membrane –
1000s of pores
– Chromasomes are usually
spread out in invisibly thin
threads throughout the
nucleus – chromatin
– Nucleolus – dense area of
nucleus – this is where
ribosomes are made
Organelles that:
• Store – vacuoles and vesicles
• Clean up – lysosomes
• Support - cytoskeleton
Vacuoles and Vesicles
• Store materials like water, salts,
carbohydrates, proteins
• ________________in plants is full of water
(rigidity) --- decreased water = wilting
• _________________of a paramecium collects
and excretes excess water
• Vesicles hold products after production
Vacuoles and Vesicles
• Store materials like water, salts,
carbohydrates, proteins
• Central vacuole in plants is full of water
(rigidity) --- decreased water = wilting
• Contractile vacuole of a paramecium collects
and excretes excess water
• Vesicles hold products after production
Central
Vacuole
Lysosomes
• Organelles full of _____________
• ________________lipids, carbohydrates, and
proteins for use
• ______________organelles that are no longer
useful
Lysosomes
• Organelles full of enzymes
• Break down lipids, carbohydrates, and
proteins for use
• Break down organelles that are no longer
useful
Cytoskeleton
• Protein filaments that give _________ and
______________________to cells
– Microfilaments
– Microtubules – important in cell division
(centrioles in animal cells)
• Structure of cilia and flagella – 9+2 arrangement
Cytoskeleton
• Protein filaments that give shape and internal
movement to cells
– Microfilaments
– Microtubules – important in cell division
(centrioles in animal cells)
• Structure of cilia and flagella – 9+2 arrangement
Organelles that Build Proteins
• __________ – assemble
proteins
• ____________________
– assemble proteins and
lipids (some for export)
• __________________–
modify, sort, and
package proteins from
the ER for storage or
release
Organelles that Build Proteins
• Ribosomes – assemble
proteins
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
– assemble proteins and
lipids (some for export)
• Golgi apparatus –
modify, sort, and
package proteins from
the ER for storage or
release
Ribosomes
• Where proteins are assembled, following the
coded instructions in DNA
• If a cell does a lot of protein synthesis, it will
probably have a lot of _________________
Ribosomes
• Where proteins are assembled, following the
coded instructions in DNA
• If a cell does a lot of protein synthesis, it will
probably have a lot of ribosomes
Ribosomes
• Made in the nucleolus
• May be free-floating in the cytoplasm
– Make proteins for use inside the cell
• May be attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum
– Make proteins for export
Ribosomes on Rough ER
Ribosomes in cytoplasm
Nucleolus- where ribosomes are made
Endoplasmic reticulum
• Smooth ER assemble ______
for cell
membranes
• Rough ER – has
ribosomes
attached assemble ______
for export
Endoplasmic reticulum
• Smooth ER assemble lipids
for cell
membranes
• Rough ER – has
ribosomes
attached assemble proteins
for export
Golgi Apparatus
• A stack of flattened
membranes
• Finishing and modifying
proteins from the ER
• Vesicles “bud” off the
Golgi apparatus,
carrying small packages
of protein to their
destination
Organelles that capture and release
energy
• ____________ – capture energy from the sun
by photosynthesis – found only in plants
• ______________ – “power-plants of the cell”
– Metabolism – convert food energy (glucose) into a
form the cell can use (ATP)
Organelles that capture and release
energy
• Chloroplasts – capture energy from the sun by
photosynthesis – found only in plants
• Mitochondria – “power-plants of the cell”
– Metabolism – convert food energy (glucose) into a
form the cell can use (ATP)
Chloroplasts
• Plants only
• Location of __________________
• Double membrane
Chloroplasts
• Plants only
• Location of photosynthesis
• Double membrane
Mitochondria
• Have an outer membrane and an inner, folded
membrane (folds are called christae)
• Site of cellular respiration - conversion of ___
________________ to something more usable
– Also use of oxygen and production of CO2
Mitochondria
• Have an outer membrane and an inner, folded
membrane (folds are called christae)
• Site of cellular respiration - conversion of food
energy to something more usable
– Also use of oxygen and production of CO2
Cellular Boundaries
• Cell walls – _________________________
• Cell membranes – ___________________
Cellular Boundaries
• Cell walls – plants and most prokaryotes
• Cell membranes – all cells
Cell Walls
• Support, shape,
and protect cell
• Lie outside the
cell membrane
• Porous – water,
O2, CO2 pass
through easily
Cell Membranes
• Regulate what enters and exits cell
• Protect and support
• Structure is ___________________________
– Inner lipids (fats) are water-tight
• Proteins imbedded in the membrane provide
channels for transport in and out of the cell
Cell Membranes
• Regulate what enters and exits cell
• Protect and support
• Structure is phospholipid bilayer
– Inner lipids (fats) are water-tight
• Proteins imbedded in the membrane provide
channels for transport in and out of the cell
Cell Membranes
• Fluid mosaic model – constantly moving
• Semi-permeable or selectively permeable
– Some things can move across and some cannot,
depending on the molecule: size, charge, etc.
– One familiar semi-permeable membrane is the
membrane of an egg – allows water to pass but not
large protein or sugar molecules
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LP7xAr2F
DFU&feature=related
• Cell Organelles And Their Function (BOTH 3D
AND MICROSCOPIC VIEWS )_WMV V9.wmv
What three organelles are involved in
protein synthesis and transport?
Where are ribosomes made?
Draw a cell with 8 of the 11 organelles
and label them
How are the mitochondria and the
chloroplasts similar? How are they
different?
What is in the nucleus?
What is in lysosomes? What is it for?
What are the differenced between
rough ER and smooth ER?