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BIOLOGICAL FACTS
Competency:
describe the structure and function of
major and subcellular organelles
STEM_BIO11/1
2-Ia-c-2
Activity: Watcha Video Time
1. View the video on:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
2. Take note of the answers of the questions:
2.1 What are the parts of the cell and their functions?
Plants are different from animals:
1. plants have plastid
2. plants have cell wall
Plant Cell Parts:
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Animal Cell Parts:
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
– skeletal framework of the cell
composed of cellulose
– they are microfibrils embedded in gel like matrix
layers:
1. Middle lamella – composed of pectin,pectose and Ca pectate
2.Primary Wall – very thin
3.Secondary Wall – thick and firm made up of lignin and suberin
Aside from cellulose, there are other substances impregnated in
the cell walls:
Lignin
– complex sugar derivatives responsible for hardening of the wood.
Cutin
– oily/fatty substance which makes the cell wall impermeable to
water.
Suberin –
waxy substance rendering impermeability to water.
Pectin
– jelly-like substance cementing the cell wall together.
Cell Membrane – Plasma Membrane, Plasmallemma,
- fragile, transparent barrier, limiting membrane
that contains the cell organelles and separate from
outside environment.
It has a core of two lipid layer in which protein molecules.
Specializations:
1. Microvilli –
little shaggy hairs – tiny finger like projections
that greatly increase cells surface area from absorption.
2. Membrane Junctions:
a. Tight Junctions – zipper like
b. Desmosomes - anchoring junction
, button like
c. Gap junction – cylinder like
B. Nucleus –
small, spherical body within the cytoplasm controlling most
activity.
Subparts:
1. Nuclear Membrane – double membrane possessing pores
surrounding the nucleus. it separates the cytoplasm from
nucleoplasm also called the nuclear envelope
2. Nucleoplasm
– or karyolymph, nuclear sap or karyoplasms
semifluid within the nuclear membrane – act as intermediate
between nucleus and cytoplasm.
3. Nucleolus –one or more spherical bodies of
genetic material.- site for ribosome assembly.
4. Chromatin Network – Nuclear net – play role in
synthesis of RNA and cell division.
Contains: histone, complex
proteins, RNA and DNA
C. Cytoplasm – cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma
membrane,
- site of most cellular activities – factory area of activities
3 Elements:
1. Cytosol – semi transparent fluid that suspends other elements.
2. Organelles – Metabollic machinery
3. Non-Living Inclusions – Product of metabolic processes that
serves as chief reserved activities.
Examples: fat droplets, crystals, secretory granules, starch grains, protein
bodies.
SubCellular Parts:
1. Plastids – organized globular bodies capable of self replication
Types: a. chloroplastid – site of chlorophyll production
Areas: 1. grana – green
2. stroma – non-green
b. chromoplastid – multi-colored plastid with carotenoid pigment.
c. leucoplastid – colorless plastid, serve as storage center for
reserved food.
Types: 1. amyloplast – store starch
2. elaioplast – store lipids
2. Mitochondria
– spherical sausage-shaped bodies- inner membrane resemble
a plate-like structure called
cristae. –Mitochondria is also known as bio blast.
Functions: a. power house of cell
b. site for respiration.
3. Ribosomes – sublight, microscopic ribonucleo protein
particle – tiny localized swelling.
Function: actual site for protein synthesis.
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum - consist of pair of membrane
separated by a gap and consist of fine canals. – function:
provides network of channels for carrying substances.
Types:
a. Rough ER – called Granular ER – for protein synthesis
b. Smooth ER – called Agranular ER – for lipid synthesis
5. Golgi Apparatus –
also called golgi bodies or dictyosomes.
– stocks of plate like membrane containing sacs. –
known as traffic director for cellular proteins.
– function – play role in cell division.
6. Microtubles – known as centrioles – long straight
cylinders – function: movement during cell division.
Two projections: cilia and flagella
7. Microbodies- organelles same size of mitochondria
containing oxidative enzymes.
Types:
1. Peroxisomes –membrane sacs with oxidative enzymes that uses molecular
oxygen to detoxify a number of harmful substances including alcohol and
formaldehyde.
Function: disarm dangerous free radicals
Free radicals – are highly reactive chemicals that scramble the structure of
proteins and nucleic acid.
2. Lysosome
- act as scavenger of the cell or also
known as the suicide bag.
3. Glyoxisomes - isolated in seeds.
4. Spherosomes – Spherical bodies for lipid
storage.
8. Microfilaments – also known as cytoskeleton – elaborate network
of protein structure that extends throughout the cytoplasm.
Functions: act as cell bones and muscles that provides support and
shape. – also responsible for the movement of organelles.
9. Vacuole- cytoplasmic space for cell enlargement and
storage center.
10. Tonoplast – or also known as vacuolar membrane
- membrane surrounding the vacuole.
Application:
What parts of Cell has the following functions:
1. scavenger of the cell
2. traffic director of the cell
3. knows as the Bio-Blast
4. network for carrying substances
5. Site for ribosome assembly
6. responsible for protein synthesis
7. Cell enlargement
8. hair-like structure for movement
9. colorless plastid for food storage
10. fight against free radicals
(10 mins) Assign members to bring the following next meeting:
Bring the following next meeting
1. Onion Bulb
2. Mayana leaf or gumamela flower
3. Canal water (put in vial)
4. Disposable gloves 2 per (group)
5. scalpel
6. dropper
7. Study lamp
8. Extension wire
9. Lab gown
10. Pricker (blood)
11. glass slides and cover glass (c/o lab)
12. Microscope (c/o lab)
13. Prepared slides (c/o teacher)
NOTE: Incomplete group will not be allowed to perform the
experiment