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Nature vs. Nurture-3 What makes us human? Nurturist position: Beyond Human Nature by Jesse J. Prinz -- Norton Fall 2016 D.D. Reeder 1 Extremes Nature: total Genetic determinism (deterministic) Nurture: “Blank Slate” (nothing genetic) (only physical phenotypes are heritable) Truth is in between – but this obvious answer is insufficient. Mendel -- “laws” of inheritibilty Driesch – established cell differentiation genetics epigenetics Trait appearing “innate” or “instinctive” is NOT determined solely from our genes (may still not be learned) Fall 2016 D.D. Reeder 2 A Look Ahead Inheritance (transmission to the next generation) gamete experience Genome Socially modified behavior (education) Epigenome ? Mothers diet (Cellular environment) Fall 2016 D.D. Reeder 3 Twins To attempt to test: fix environmental experience -- then variation must be due to innate traits BUT – life experiences cannot be identical for two humans ~1885 Hans Driesch published his studies on embryology - experimenting on sea urchins. at first division after conception -- cells were separated Complete organisms – not halves innate fixed and variance must be due to environment Fall 2016 D.D. Reeder 4 Twin phenotypes Despite identical DNA Different fingerprints Color blindness (Dionne quints) Eye color ? Right handed ~90% Left handed ~10% Infant handedness correlated with in utero handedness Cloning 1996 -- Dolly phenotypes observed Even physical phenotypes are genetically non-determinate -- but not learned! Fall 2016 D.D. Reeder 5 Suicides NO human experiments Which cells might be important? Neurons!? Search for epigenetic marking in DNA from the brain Suicides suffering child abuse Suicides not suffering child abuse Accidental deaths Fall 2016 D.D. Reeder 6 DNA DNA is a linear chain of base pairs (4) linked to an inert backbone Chromosomes are packaged DNA All 23 in nuclei of all cells (except hemoglobin) Histones Information is contained in punctuated sequences of these base pairs A Gene is the sub-sequence needed to build a protein (combination of amino acids) Fall 2016 D.D. Reeder 7 Repair Errors/damage frequent External damage or during mytosis Need correction/repair Despite complexity and the considerable energy required all multicelled creatures have such a repair mechanism Not 100% effective All multicelled organisms have DNA repair (as well as cell replacement or repair) Significant energy is allotted to repair Just one double-strand break could require >10,000 ATP molecules Spring 16 PLATO 8 Mutation DNA is template Replication Damage Point defects Single strand breaks Double strand breaks Change in the sequence can be passed to the next generation sequential errors abnormal chemical structure Spontaneous (chance) Induced (external to DNA) >10,000 errors per cell per day (humans) DANGER! Germ cell Somatic Fall 2016 heritable aging cancer? D.D. Reeder 9