Download Modification of Cell Surface/ Cell Communication

Modification of Cell Surface/ Cell
Communication
Mader 5.4
Learning Objectives:
Learning Objectives:
LO 3.34 The student is able to construct explanations of cell
communication through cell-to-cell direct contact or through
chemical signaling. [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.35 The student is able to create representation(s) that depict
how cell-to-cell communication occurs by direct contact or from
a distance through chemical signaling. [See SP 1.1]
Learning Objectives:
LO 3.36 The student is able to describe a model that expresses the
key elements of signal transduction pathways by which a signal is
converted to a cellular response. [See SP 1.5]
Essential knowledge 3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other
through
direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical
signaling.
a. Cells communicate by cell-to-cell contact.
• Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be
transported from cell to cell.
b. Cells communicate over short distances by using local regulators
that target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell.
• Neurotransmitters
• Plant immune response
• Quorum sensing in bacteria
• Morphogens in embryonic development
c. Signals released by one cell type can travel long distances to target
cells of another cell type.
Essential knowledge 3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal
reception with cellular response.
a. Signaling begins with the recognition of a chemical messenger, a
ligand, by a receptor protein.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each
of the following:
1. Different receptors recognize different chemical messengers,
which can be peptides, small chemicals or proteins, in a specific
one-to-one relationship.
2. A receptor protein recognizes signal molecules, causing the
receptor protein’s shape to change, which initiates transduction
of the signal.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can
choose an illustrative example such as:
• G-protein linked receptors
• Ligand-gated ion channels
• Receptor tyrosine kinases
b. Signal transduction is the process by which a signal is converted to a
cellular response.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each
of the following:
1. Signaling cascades relay signals from receptors on cell targets,
often amplifying the incoming signals, with the result of
appropriate responses by the cell.
2. Second messengers are often essential to the function of the
cascade.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can
choose an illustrative example such as:
• Ligand-gated ion channels
• Second messengers, such as cyclic GMP, cyclic AMP
calcium ions (Ca2+), and inositol triphosphate (IP3)
3. Many signal transduction pathways include:
i. Protein modifications (an illustrative example could be how
methylation changes the signaling process)
ii. Phosphorylation cascades in which a series of protein
kinases add a phosphate group to the next protein in the
cascade sequence
Cell Surfaces in Plants and Animals
• The extracellular matrix of animal cells are more
complex than the cell surfaces of plants or other
sessile organisms with cell walls
Plant cell separated by a cell
wall constructed of cellulose
Fibroblasts creating an
extracellular matrix for the
purposes of healing a wound
Extracellular Matrix
•The extracellular matrix of various
tissues varies between being quite
flexible, as in cartilage, and being rock
solid as in bone
Animal Cell Extracellular Matrix
•Created by the cells it
surrounds
•Made from polysaccharides
and structural proteins
•Gives tissue strength and
elasticity
•Polysaccharides and
proteoglycans work with the
proteins in the cell
membrane to allow for rapid
diffusion of nutrients and
hormones
How do hormones(ligands) act on target cells
• Lipid-based hormones
– hydrophobic & lipid-soluble
• diffuse across cell membrane & enter cells
• bind to receptor proteins in cytoplasm & nucleus
• bind to DNA as transcription factors
– turn on genes
• Protein-based hormones
– hydrophilic & not lipid soluble
•
•
•
•
can’t diffuse across cell membrane
bind to receptor proteins in cell membrane
trigger secondary messenger pathway
activate internal cellular response
– enzyme action, uptake or secretion of molecules…
Action of lipid (steroid) hormones
steroid hormone
target cell
S
S
cytoplasm
blood
1
S
protein
carrier
cross cell membrane
2
binds to receptor protein
becomes
transcription factor
5
S
3
mRNA read by ribosome
plasma membrane
DNA
nucleus
4
mRNA
6
protein
7
protein secreted
ex: secreted protein = growth factor (hair, bone, muscle, gametes)
signal-transduction pathway
Action of protein hormones
1
protein
hormone
P
signal
plasma membrane
activates
G-protein
binds to receptor protein
activates enzyme
cAMP
receptor
protein
activates
cytoplasmic
signal
cytoplasm
target cell
GTP
acts as 2° messenger
transduction
ATP
ATP
activates
enzyme
2
secondary
messenger
system
activates
enzyme
produces an action
3
response
Ex: Action of epinephrine (adrenaline)
adrenal gland
signal
1
epinephrine
activates
G protein
receptor
protein
in cell
membrane
activates GTP
3
activates
adenylyl cyclase
cAMP
GDP
transduction
4
GTP
2
ATP
activates
protein kinase-A
5
activates
phosphorylase kinase
cytoplasm
liver cell
released
to blood
activates
glycogen phosphorylase
glycogen
6
glucose
7
response
Benefits of a 2° messenger system
signal
1
Activated adenylyl cyclase
receptor protein
2
Not yet
activated
amplification
4
3
GTP
amplification
cAMP
amplification
5
G protein
protein kinase
6
Amplification!
amplification
enzyme
Cascade multiplier!
FAST response!
7
amplification
product
Junctions Between Cells
• Depending upon the function of tissue, the
cells that make up that tissue will be
connected to each other in various manners
Junctions
Anchoring Junctions-Skin,
Heart, Stomach, and Bladder
where tissue gets stretched
Tight Junctions-Intestines,
Kidneys, and the blood brain
barrier
Gap Junctions-Smooth
muscle where ions need to
flow between cells to
coordinate activity
Junctions Between Animal Cells
Junctions Between Plant Cells