Understanding The Function And Regulation Of Eukaryotic Release
... understanding of the mechanism of stop codon recognition utilized by eRF1, since eRF1 3-dimensitional structure is significantly different. To gain a better understanding of how eRF1 is able to mediate this essential function, we extensively analyzed two motifs known to play a significant role in st ...
... understanding of the mechanism of stop codon recognition utilized by eRF1, since eRF1 3-dimensitional structure is significantly different. To gain a better understanding of how eRF1 is able to mediate this essential function, we extensively analyzed two motifs known to play a significant role in st ...
ATP– and ADP–DnaA protein, a molecular switch in gene regulation
... of 0.03 and 0.1 μM) (Sekimizu et al., 1987). Both forms bind to DNA in a similar fashion but only ATP–DnaA protein, not the ADP form, is active in the unwinding reaction in vitro. The rate of exchange of bound ADP by ATP is slow, 50% in 40 min, but it can be stimulated by acidic phospholipids (Castu ...
... of 0.03 and 0.1 μM) (Sekimizu et al., 1987). Both forms bind to DNA in a similar fashion but only ATP–DnaA protein, not the ADP form, is active in the unwinding reaction in vitro. The rate of exchange of bound ADP by ATP is slow, 50% in 40 min, but it can be stimulated by acidic phospholipids (Castu ...
Matching catalytic activity to developmental function: Tolloid
... members of the Bmp subgroup of the Tgfβ superfamily, by cleaving the Bmp inhibitor Short gastrulation (Sog). In this study, we provide evidence that Tlr also contributes to Sog processing. Tlr cleaves Sog in vitro in a Bmp-dependent manner at the same three major sites as does Tld. However, Tlr show ...
... members of the Bmp subgroup of the Tgfβ superfamily, by cleaving the Bmp inhibitor Short gastrulation (Sog). In this study, we provide evidence that Tlr also contributes to Sog processing. Tlr cleaves Sog in vitro in a Bmp-dependent manner at the same three major sites as does Tld. However, Tlr show ...
University of Groningen Polymerization of the bacterial cell division
... very simple yet is poorly understood on a molecular biological level. For the Gramnegative model organism Escherichia coli, numerous cell division genes were identified in E. coli temperature sensitive mutants cells that did not divide properly, and hence were called fts genes, for filamentation tem ...
... very simple yet is poorly understood on a molecular biological level. For the Gramnegative model organism Escherichia coli, numerous cell division genes were identified in E. coli temperature sensitive mutants cells that did not divide properly, and hence were called fts genes, for filamentation tem ...
Pulmonary Surfactant Protein A Activates a
... Jason Lees,* Eric Tibesar,* and Larry S. Schlesinger2† Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a major component of lung surfactant, binds to macrophages and has been shown to alter several macrophage biological functions, including up-regulation of macrophage mannose receptor (MR) activity. In the present stu ...
... Jason Lees,* Eric Tibesar,* and Larry S. Schlesinger2† Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a major component of lung surfactant, binds to macrophages and has been shown to alter several macrophage biological functions, including up-regulation of macrophage mannose receptor (MR) activity. In the present stu ...
Endocytosis, Recycling, and Regulated Exocytosis of Glucose
... internalizes via a route that is independent of clathrin and caveolae but that requires cholesterol.15 Dynamin, a large GTPase involved in the fission of vesicles from membranes, is necessary for CME and has also been implicated in caveolin-1-, IL-2Rβ-, and flotillindependent endocytotic processes.1 ...
... internalizes via a route that is independent of clathrin and caveolae but that requires cholesterol.15 Dynamin, a large GTPase involved in the fission of vesicles from membranes, is necessary for CME and has also been implicated in caveolin-1-, IL-2Rβ-, and flotillindependent endocytotic processes.1 ...
Development 128, 4439-4447 (2001)
... 1997). We were unable to detect fragments of the Superchordin type in vivo (Fig. 2E), in animal caps injected with chd mRNA (Fig. 2F) or in biochemical assays (Fig. 2G). A third cleavage site within the inter-repeat region has been described in vitro for mouse Chordin in the presence of Tsg (Scott e ...
... 1997). We were unable to detect fragments of the Superchordin type in vivo (Fig. 2E), in animal caps injected with chd mRNA (Fig. 2F) or in biochemical assays (Fig. 2G). A third cleavage site within the inter-repeat region has been described in vitro for mouse Chordin in the presence of Tsg (Scott e ...
Print
... cultured cells from chicken allowed the first reliable observations of mitochondrial shape changes and dynamics in living cells, possibly caused by fusion and fission events of these organelles (186). In addition, in 1931, this dynamism was also demonstrated to be developmentally regulated in liver ...
... cultured cells from chicken allowed the first reliable observations of mitochondrial shape changes and dynamics in living cells, possibly caused by fusion and fission events of these organelles (186). In addition, in 1931, this dynamism was also demonstrated to be developmentally regulated in liver ...
C/EBPα triggers proteasome‐dependent degradation of cdk4 during
... (Wang et al., 2001). A detailed analysis of cdk4 in livers of wild-type and C/EBPa-knockout animals indicated a complex regulation of cdk4 by C/EBPa. In addition to the direct inhibition of cdk4 activity, C/EBPa also controls protein levels of cdk4. Figure 1A shows western blotting analysis of cdk4 ...
... (Wang et al., 2001). A detailed analysis of cdk4 in livers of wild-type and C/EBPa-knockout animals indicated a complex regulation of cdk4 by C/EBPa. In addition to the direct inhibition of cdk4 activity, C/EBPa also controls protein levels of cdk4. Figure 1A shows western blotting analysis of cdk4 ...
Pathways of NeurSospora crassa and Saccharomyces cerevisiaet
... mM for the N. crassa enzyme. They are also high for the S. (ereviisiae enzyme (258), although specific values have not been reported. The unusually high pH optimum and high substrate requirements of the enzyme may be related to its location within the small volume of the mitochondria, where it is lo ...
... mM for the N. crassa enzyme. They are also high for the S. (ereviisiae enzyme (258), although specific values have not been reported. The unusually high pH optimum and high substrate requirements of the enzyme may be related to its location within the small volume of the mitochondria, where it is lo ...
1337 Biochemical properties of plasminogen activator inhibitor
... which is caused by the presence of two possible cleavage sites for the signal peptidase in the N-terminus of the nascent protein (Figure 1). The signal peptide has either 23 or 21 amino acids, respectively. In purified preparations of PAI-1 from natural sources, each isoform constitutes about 50% (1 ...
... which is caused by the presence of two possible cleavage sites for the signal peptidase in the N-terminus of the nascent protein (Figure 1). The signal peptide has either 23 or 21 amino acids, respectively. In purified preparations of PAI-1 from natural sources, each isoform constitutes about 50% (1 ...
Actin as target for modification by bacterial protein toxins
... Fig. 2. Different structures of actin–ADP-ribosylating toxins ⁄ effectors, which all modify actin at Arg177. The family of binary toxins consists of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin, Clostridium perfringens iota toxin, Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT), Bacillus cereus vegetative insecticidal to ...
... Fig. 2. Different structures of actin–ADP-ribosylating toxins ⁄ effectors, which all modify actin at Arg177. The family of binary toxins consists of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin, Clostridium perfringens iota toxin, Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT), Bacillus cereus vegetative insecticidal to ...
The Physiology, Signaling, and Pharmacology of Dopamine Receptors
... used for clinical applications in the treatment of various disorders. In addition to significant progress in understanding the structural, genetic and pharmacological properties of dopamine receptors, more recent studies have begun to uncover the complexity, intricacy, and plasticity of intracellula ...
... used for clinical applications in the treatment of various disorders. In addition to significant progress in understanding the structural, genetic and pharmacological properties of dopamine receptors, more recent studies have begun to uncover the complexity, intricacy, and plasticity of intracellula ...
Neurotransmitter signaling through heterotrimeric G
... conformation to bind Gβγ. Thus Gα serves as a molecular switch that alternates between an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state. Gβγ can only activate its effectors once it has dissociated from Gα. 1.3.5. State 5, inactivation of Gα via GTP hydrolysis, and reactivation via receptor ...
... conformation to bind Gβγ. Thus Gα serves as a molecular switch that alternates between an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state. Gβγ can only activate its effectors once it has dissociated from Gα. 1.3.5. State 5, inactivation of Gα via GTP hydrolysis, and reactivation via receptor ...
Diacylglycerol kinase zeta in hypothalamus interacts with long form leptin receptor. Relation to dietary fat and body weight regulation
... Identification and Cloning of DGK—Hypothalamus from 10 rats on a high-fat (60%) or low-fat (10%) diet were dissected and pooled for the purification of mRNA, which was then used for representational difference analysis as described (33). The cDNA fragment of rat Ob-Rbc, obtained by RT-PCR with prim ...
... Identification and Cloning of DGK—Hypothalamus from 10 rats on a high-fat (60%) or low-fat (10%) diet were dissected and pooled for the purification of mRNA, which was then used for representational difference analysis as described (33). The cDNA fragment of rat Ob-Rbc, obtained by RT-PCR with prim ...
understanding the role of sumoylation in regulating lkb1 function
... I have had a village that supported and cheered me on in this journey. None of this would have been accomplished or even possible without them. And for that, I am forever grateful. To begin with, I would like to thank my mentor Dr. Edward Yeh for his role in nurturing me into a more polished and ind ...
... I have had a village that supported and cheered me on in this journey. None of this would have been accomplished or even possible without them. And for that, I am forever grateful. To begin with, I would like to thank my mentor Dr. Edward Yeh for his role in nurturing me into a more polished and ind ...
Control of Pre-mRNA Splicing by the General Splicing Factors
... are many cases of introns with weak splice sites that are constitutively spliced, and examples of alternative splicing in which apparently weak splice sites are utlilzed more efficiently than splice sites with stronger matches to the consensus sequence [11,12]. Our current understanding of the deter ...
... are many cases of introns with weak splice sites that are constitutively spliced, and examples of alternative splicing in which apparently weak splice sites are utlilzed more efficiently than splice sites with stronger matches to the consensus sequence [11,12]. Our current understanding of the deter ...
The scaffolding protein Cnk Interacts with Alk to Promote Visceral
... multiple roles of Alk-signalling and the variety of processes it is involved in, there is a gap in our ...
... multiple roles of Alk-signalling and the variety of processes it is involved in, there is a gap in our ...
BAG1, a negative regulator of Hsp70 chaperone activity, uncouples
... BAG-1 and RCMLA by gel sieving chromatography. Reaction mixtures containing 14 μM GST-BAG-1 ⫹ 14 μM Hsp70 ⫹ 2.8 μM [125I]RCMLA (s), 14 μM Hsp70 ⫹ 2.8 μM [125I]RCMLA (u), or 2.8 μM [125I]RCMLA alone (e) were incubated and loaded on the Superdex G-200 column. Radioactivity in each fraction was measure ...
... BAG-1 and RCMLA by gel sieving chromatography. Reaction mixtures containing 14 μM GST-BAG-1 ⫹ 14 μM Hsp70 ⫹ 2.8 μM [125I]RCMLA (s), 14 μM Hsp70 ⫹ 2.8 μM [125I]RCMLA (u), or 2.8 μM [125I]RCMLA alone (e) were incubated and loaded on the Superdex G-200 column. Radioactivity in each fraction was measure ...
The anaphase promoting complex/ cyclosome: a
... reflection of the modularity of the ubiquitin system, in which a few E2 enzymes can interact with different E3 enzymes. Consistent with the possibility that the transient interaction is a reflection of the modularity of the ubiquitin system, UBCH5 is a highly promiscuous enzyme that can interact wit ...
... reflection of the modularity of the ubiquitin system, in which a few E2 enzymes can interact with different E3 enzymes. Consistent with the possibility that the transient interaction is a reflection of the modularity of the ubiquitin system, UBCH5 is a highly promiscuous enzyme that can interact wit ...
Annexin-Phospholipid Interactions. Functional Implications
... showing a similar three-dimensional structure highly conserved throughout annexin evolution [6]. Inside each domain, a sequence of 17 amino acid residues is found which presents an even higher degree of conservation. Annexin A5 was the first member of this family to be crystallized and its structure ...
... showing a similar three-dimensional structure highly conserved throughout annexin evolution [6]. Inside each domain, a sequence of 17 amino acid residues is found which presents an even higher degree of conservation. Annexin A5 was the first member of this family to be crystallized and its structure ...
Drosophila Xpd Regulates Cdk7 Localization, Mitotic Kinase
... The trimeric CAK complex functions in cell cycle control by phosphorylating and activating Cdks while TFIIH-linked CAK functions in transcription. CAK also associates into a tetramer with Xpd, and our analysis of young Drosophila embryos that do not require transcription now suggests a cell cycle fu ...
... The trimeric CAK complex functions in cell cycle control by phosphorylating and activating Cdks while TFIIH-linked CAK functions in transcription. CAK also associates into a tetramer with Xpd, and our analysis of young Drosophila embryos that do not require transcription now suggests a cell cycle fu ...
Negative regulators of integrin activity - Journal of Cell Science
... Summary Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane adhesion receptors composed of a- and b-subunits. They are ubiquitously expressed and have key roles in a number of important biological processes, such as development, maintenance of tissue homeostasis and immunological responses. The activity of in ...
... Summary Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane adhesion receptors composed of a- and b-subunits. They are ubiquitously expressed and have key roles in a number of important biological processes, such as development, maintenance of tissue homeostasis and immunological responses. The activity of in ...
Acyl-CoA oxidase is imported as a heteropentameric, cofactor
... membrane and the related twin-arginine translocation (Tat) of proteins across the bacterial plasma membrane (Dalbey and Robinson, 1999), and the peroxisomal import of some matrix proteins (Subramani, 1998; Titorenko and Rachubinski, 2001). For peroxisomes, import of folded and oligomeric proteins is ...
... membrane and the related twin-arginine translocation (Tat) of proteins across the bacterial plasma membrane (Dalbey and Robinson, 1999), and the peroxisomal import of some matrix proteins (Subramani, 1998; Titorenko and Rachubinski, 2001). For peroxisomes, import of folded and oligomeric proteins is ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.