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Download Developmental Gene Expression Part I
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Warm-Up (1/6) On the piece of white paper from the back, answer the following question. Explain how a mutation affects gene expression. Name Date Period 2E.1b: Induction of transcription factors during development results in sequential gene expression. 2E.1b.3: Temperature and the availability of water determine seed germination in most plants. 2E.1b.4: Genetic mutations can result in abnormal development. 2E.1b.5: Genetic transplantation experiments support the link between gene expression and normal development. 2E.1b.6: Genetic regulation by microRNAs plays an important role in the development of organisms and the control of cellular functions. 3B.2a: Signal transmission within and between cells mediates gene expression. Illustrative example: expression of the SRY gene triggers the male sexual development pathway in animals. Gene Regulation During Development transcription factors fertilized egg (zygote) 16-cell embryo 2-cell embryo 8-cell embryo Transcription factors (TFs) determine cell types ~1 million-cell (6-week-old) embryo Gene Regulation During Development TFs cause sequential gene expression Gene Regulation During Development Transplantation experiments show that gene expression determines cell types 2-day embryo 6-week embryo Gene Regulation During Development Transplantation experiments show that gene expression determines cell types 4-week embryo 6-week embryo Gene Regulation During Development Mutations in transcription factors cause birth defects. Neural Tube Closure (NTC) Defects 2E.1b: Induction of transcription factors during development results in sequential gene expression. 2E.1b.3: Temperature and the availability of water determine seed germination in most plants. 2E.1b.4: Genetic mutations can result in abnormal development. 2E.1b.5: Genetic transplantation experiments support the link between gene expression and normal development. 2E.1b.6: Genetic regulation by microRNAs plays an important role in the development of organisms and the control of cellular functions. 3B.2a: Signal transmission within and between cells mediates gene expression. Illustrative example: expression of the SRY gene triggers the male sexual development pathway in animals. Environmental Stimuli of Gene Regulation Water and sunlight activate transcription factors in seeds. Post-Transcriptional Regulation protein microRNAs bind to coding RNA and prevent translation microRNA Dysfunctional doublestranded RNA RNA microRNA-coding gene protein-coding gene 2E.1b: Induction of transcription factors during development results in sequential gene expression. 2E.1b.3: Temperature and the availability of water determine seed germination in most plants. 2E.1b.4: Genetic mutations can result in abnormal development. 2E.1b.5: Genetic transplantation experiments support the link between gene expression and normal development. 2E.1b.6: Genetic regulation by microRNAs plays an important role in the development of organisms and the control of cellular functions. 3B.2a: Signal transmission within and between cells mediates gene expression. Illustrative example: expression of the SRY gene triggers the male sexual development pathway in animals. Post-Transcriptional Regulation Cell membrane Nucleus SRY P 2nd messenger ligand receptor SRY transcription factor activates expression of transcription factors for male sexuality genes. Post-Transcriptional Regulation SRY SRY future sperm Other TFs activated SRY future egg SRY transcription factor activates expression of transcription factors for male sexuality genes. Default egg TFs expressed Critical Thinking Question #1 Discuss this question with your partner and write or represent it. I will call on three people to share their partners’ answers. SRY is a gene which encodes a transcription factor responsible for activating expression of other transcription factors responsible for the development of male sexuality in animals. Predict the effects of low levels of SRY protein on the expression of these transcription factors and the resulting phenotype in the developing animal. Critical Thinking Question #2 Discuss this question with your partner and write or represent it. I will call on three people to share their partners’ answers. A chimpanzee’s DNA is 96% identical to a human being’s DNA. Most of this similarity, however, is in protein-coding DNA: the genes themselves. Describe how a chimpanzee zygote with chimpanzee DNA will give rise to a completely different animal from a human zygote with human DNA. Closure On the piece of white paper from the back, answer the following question: Why is a butterfly dramatically different phenotypically from a caterpillar, even though it has exactly the same DNA? Name Date Period Scale 1 – 10