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Cell Types Kindoms of Life How are cells similar and different? Archea -bacteria Eu -bacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Plantae Morphology - Shared Characteristics 1. Uni -cellular 2.Prokaryotic 1. Uni -cellular 2. Prokaryotic 1. Uni -cellular 2.Eu -karyotic 1. Uni and Multi -cellular 2.Eu -karyotic 1. Uni and Multi -cellular 2.Eu -karyotic 1. Uni and Multi -cellular 2.Eu -karyotic Types of Organisms Bacteria that live in really hot, acidic or salty conditions Bacteria that we exposed to every day (symbionts and parasites) Euglena Amoeba Parameci um Mushroom People Yeast Insects Mold Worms Fish Flowering Evergreen Moss All Cells Share the Following Structures: Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, DNA and RNA Prokaryotes are bacterial cells that have no internal membranes inside their cells, but still have all these structures Eukaryotes are plant, animal, protist and fungi cells that have internal membranes within their cells that help them carry our specific functions for the cells. Parts of Cells The Cell Theory Says three basic things All living things that we have seen are made of cells. The cell is the smallest unit of life. All cells come from preexisting cells. All cells have the following parts: cell membrane cytoplasm DNA and RNA Ribosomes cell wall (plants and bacteria) Microtubules (microfilaments) Cell Barriers - Membranes or Walls Bacteria have cell walls made of a chemical substance called peptidoglycan (a complex sugary type toxic chemical) Plants have cell walls made of a chemical called cellulose (a complex sugary type non-toxic chemical) Cell Membranes - All cell types have cell membrane Bacteria and plants have a cell wall and just to the inside of the cell wall they have a cell membrane Animals, Fungus, Protists have a cell membrane, but no cell wall. Eukaryotic cells have the following parts Nucleus Nucleolus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Plastids (Chloroplasts) Lysosomes Vacuole Flagella or Cilia Cytoskeleton Cell Membranes Cell Walls - Not all cells have cell walls. All cells are held together by a membrane called the cell membrane (or plasma membrane). The cell membrane is made of protein and fat. The fats are linked together with small gaps between them. The gaps between proteins and fats in this membrane barrier allow some things to move into the cell because of their size. This property of cell membranes is called selective permeability. 1 Cell Membrane Purpose of the Cell Membrane The main job of the cell membrane in all cells is to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is defined as the process of maintaining a relatively constant internal environment. To do this a cell must get rid of waste and carbon dioxide built up and allow sugars and oxygen into the cell. The Fluid Model of the Cell Membrane Fats make up cell membrane Membrane fats must be bathed in water to move and work Fats and proteins make up membrane are in constant movement with respect to each other Constant movement of particles creates fluid mosaic model of cell membrane Cytoplasm Clear, gelatinous fluid inside all cells Provides a fluid internal environment that allows for movement of sugars, oxygen, carbon dioxide, DNA, RNA, amino acids and other chemicals needed to carry out cell functions Without water and the cytoplasm, cells could not maintain homeostasis Instructions for Cells DNA is a chemical (deoxyribonucleic acid) Proteins made by cells from RNA. DNA and the Nucleus Instructions given to us by our parents One set from each parent RNA are copies of DNA cell uses to make protein template for cells=central dogma DNA -> RNA ->Protein Proteins made of small units - amino acids Protein carry out functions cell needs Transport Carriers, Enzymes, Structure Components Water is used to carry all objects across the membrane barrier (in and out). Bacteria DNA contain one, double stranded circular chromosome Eukaryotes DNA stored in double strands of chromatin (=chromosomes) in centralized storage compartment called the nucleus. Nucleolus is a membrane structure within the nucleus Production of RNA 2 Assembly and Transport Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) responsible for making and refining protein and fat Rough ER assembles protein, Smooth ER assembles fat (lipids) Golgi Apparatus refines and packages protein Energy Makers and Users Chloroplasts - organelles capture light energy, produce sugar Chloroplasts are plastids. Plastids are organelles that make or store things like sugars Mitochondria - organelles use sugar from chloroplasts to produce energy for the cell. ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) - cell energy made by mitochondria. Chemical all living things use for energy Chloroplasts The total Carbon Cycle Functions of the mitochondria and chloroplast IS the carbon cycle. Here are the chemical reactions, notice reactants and products for each: Respiration C6H12O6 + H2O + O2 -> CO2 +H2O Photosynthesis CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O Have stacks of membranes inside the organelle membrane called grana Inside the membranes is a pigment (=protein) called chlorophyll When light shines on pigment, it changes structure, thereby grabbing a water (H2O) particle and splitting it into 2 H and 1 O Oxygen let off as waste (breathable air Hydrogen combined with carbon dioxide (CO2) from air to make sugar Mitochondria Take sugar made in chloroplasts and make energy (ATP) for cells ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) - energy used by cells to do work Mitochondria has inner membranes like the chloroplast Membranes called cristae Folds of membrane provide greater surface area for ATP production Storage Vacuoles in plant cells are temporary storage containers for sugar, enzymes and waste Plants make more sugar than they can use and so must store it here and in plastids Photosynthesis (sugar production) Respiration (sugar consumption) Efficiency of each 3 The Skeleton For Cells Policing the cell Lysosomes - organelles contain digestive enzymes Remove by “digestion”, organelles not functioning Peroxisomes - organelles similar to lysosomes Break down large sugars into smaller sugars so cell can use as energy source Cytoskeleton - made of actin filaments (=protein particles) Hold cell membrane into place Actin filaments link together to form cytoskeleton Microtubules and microfilaments - made of protein and are the skeleton that holds organelles into place Help move organelles when cell divides into two cells during cellular replication Moving Cells Cells that move have tails and hair-like projections Help move around in environment Include some bacteria, fungi, plants and most protist Flagella - made of protein, whip like tail used to move the organism move Cilia - made of protein, hair like projects help organism move Most organisms have only one flagella, but many cilia Flagella contained on tail portion of organism, whereas cilia located all around organism 4