Download Cell Types Kindoms of Life How are cells similar and different?

Cell Types
Kindoms of Life
How are cells similar and
different?

Archea
-bacteria
Eu
-bacteria
Protista
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
Morphology
- Shared
Characteristics
1. Uni
-cellular
2.Prokaryotic
1. Uni
-cellular
2. Prokaryotic
1. Uni
-cellular
2.Eu
-karyotic
1. Uni and
Multi
-cellular
2.Eu
-karyotic
1. Uni and
Multi
-cellular
2.Eu
-karyotic
1. Uni and
Multi
-cellular
2.Eu
-karyotic
Types of
Organisms
Bacteria that
live in really
hot, acidic or
salty
conditions
Bacteria that
we exposed to
every day
(symbionts
and parasites)
Euglena
Amoeba
Parameci
um
Mushroom People
Yeast
Insects
Mold
Worms
Fish
Flowering
Evergreen
Moss
All Cells Share the Following Structures:
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Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, DNA and RNA
Prokaryotes are bacterial cells that have no
internal membranes inside their cells, but still
have all these structures
Eukaryotes are plant, animal, protist and fungi
cells that have internal membranes within their
cells that help them carry our specific functions
for the cells.
Parts of Cells
The Cell Theory
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Says three basic things
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All living things that we have seen are
made of cells.
The cell is the smallest unit of life.
All cells come from preexisting cells.
All cells have the
following parts:
 cell membrane
 cytoplasm
 DNA and RNA
 Ribosomes
 cell wall (plants
and bacteria)
 Microtubules
(microfilaments)
Cell Barriers
- Membranes or Walls

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Bacteria have cell walls made of a chemical substance
called peptidoglycan (a complex sugary type toxic
chemical)
Plants have cell walls made of a chemical called cellulose
(a complex sugary type non-toxic chemical)
Cell Membranes - All cell types have cell membrane


Bacteria and plants have a cell wall and just to the inside of
the cell wall they have a cell membrane
Animals, Fungus, Protists have a cell membrane, but no
cell wall.
Eukaryotic cells have the
following parts
 Nucleus
 Nucleolus
 Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 Golgi Apparatus
 Mitochondria
 Plastids (Chloroplasts)
 Lysosomes
 Vacuole
 Flagella or Cilia
 Cytoskeleton
Cell Membranes
Cell Walls - Not all cells have cell walls.

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All cells are held together by a membrane called the
cell membrane (or plasma membrane).

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The cell membrane is made of protein and fat. The fats are
linked together with small gaps between them.
The gaps between proteins and fats in this membrane
barrier allow some things to move into the cell because of
their size. This property of cell membranes is called
selective permeability.
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Cell Membrane
Purpose of the Cell Membrane

The main job of the cell membrane in all cells
is to maintain homeostasis.

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Homeostasis is defined as the process of
maintaining a relatively constant internal
environment.
To do this a cell must get rid of waste and carbon
dioxide built up and allow sugars and oxygen into
the cell.

The Fluid Model of the Cell
Membrane
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Fats make up cell membrane
Membrane fats must be bathed in water to
move and work
Fats and proteins make up membrane are in
constant movement with respect to each other
Constant movement of particles creates fluid
mosaic model of cell membrane
Cytoplasm

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Clear, gelatinous fluid inside all cells
Provides a fluid internal environment that
allows for movement of sugars, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, DNA, RNA, amino acids and
other chemicals needed to carry out cell
functions
Without water and the cytoplasm, cells could
not maintain homeostasis
Instructions for Cells

DNA is a chemical (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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Proteins made by cells from RNA.
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DNA and the Nucleus
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Instructions given to us by our parents
One set from each parent
RNA are copies of DNA cell uses to make protein
 template for cells=central dogma
DNA -> RNA ->Protein
Proteins made of small units - amino acids
Protein carry out functions cell needs

Transport Carriers, Enzymes, Structure Components
Water is used to carry all objects across the membrane
barrier (in and out).

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Bacteria DNA contain one, double stranded
circular chromosome
Eukaryotes DNA stored in double strands of
chromatin (=chromosomes) in centralized
storage compartment called the nucleus.
Nucleolus is a membrane structure within
the nucleus

Production of RNA
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Assembly and Transport
Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) responsible for
making and refining protein and fat
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Rough ER assembles protein,
Smooth ER assembles fat (lipids)
Golgi Apparatus refines and packages protein
Energy Makers and Users
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Chloroplasts - organelles capture light energy,
produce sugar
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Chloroplasts are plastids. Plastids are organelles
that make or store things like sugars
Mitochondria - organelles use sugar from
chloroplasts to produce energy for the cell.
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ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) - cell energy made
by mitochondria.
Chemical all living things use for energy
Chloroplasts
The total Carbon Cycle
Functions of the mitochondria and chloroplast IS the
carbon cycle.
Here are the chemical reactions, notice reactants
and products for each:
Respiration
C6H12O6 + H2O + O2 -> CO2 +H2O
Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O

Have stacks of membranes inside the
organelle membrane called grana
 Inside the membranes is a pigment
(=protein) called chlorophyll
 When light shines on pigment, it
changes structure, thereby grabbing a
water (H2O) particle and splitting it into 2
H and 1 O
 Oxygen let off as waste (breathable air
 Hydrogen combined with carbon dioxide
(CO2) from air to make sugar
Mitochondria

Take sugar made in chloroplasts and make
energy (ATP) for cells
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ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) - energy used
by cells to do work
Mitochondria has inner membranes like the
chloroplast
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Membranes called cristae
Folds of membrane provide greater surface area
for ATP production
Storage

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Vacuoles in plant cells are temporary
storage containers for sugar, enzymes and
waste
Plants make more sugar than they can use
and so must store it here and in plastids
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Photosynthesis (sugar production)
Respiration (sugar consumption)
Efficiency of each
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The Skeleton For Cells
Policing the cell
Lysosomes - organelles contain digestive
enzymes

Remove by “digestion”, organelles not
functioning
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Peroxisomes - organelles similar to
lysosomes
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Break down large sugars into smaller sugars so
cell can use as energy source
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Cytoskeleton - made of actin filaments
(=protein particles)
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Hold cell membrane into place
Actin filaments link together to form cytoskeleton
Microtubules and microfilaments - made of
protein and are the skeleton that holds
organelles into place
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Help move organelles when cell divides into two
cells during cellular replication
Moving Cells
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Cells that move have tails and hair-like projections
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Help move around in environment
Include some bacteria, fungi, plants and most protist
Flagella - made of protein, whip like tail used to move the
organism move
Cilia - made of protein, hair like projects help organism
move
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Most organisms have only one flagella, but many cilia
Flagella contained on tail portion of organism, whereas cilia located
all around organism
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