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13 Macromolecules Define the following terms: M1 M6 M12 macromolecule DNA deoxyribose sugar phosphate nucleotide monomer polymer helix complementary base pairs hydrogen bonds DNA replication carbohydrate monosaccharide glucose polysaccharide cellulose cell wall exoskeleton lipid phospholipid membrane structure cuticle cholesterol starch glycogen chitin chromatid centromere heredity M2 chromosome chromatin centromere gene gene locus mutation M7 semi-conservative replication DNA polymerase M3 M8 RNA ribose sugar codon protein polypeptide enzymes catalysts substrate active site specificity induced fit cofactor denature inhibitors temperature pH M4 mRNA tRNA template transcription translation amino acid peptide bond anticodon RNA polymerase ribosomes nucleus cytoplasm M9 molecular recognition hormone M10 activation energy M11 M5 primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure haemoglobin antibody membrane receptor molecule polysaccharide starch glycogen respiration mitosis M13 evolution prokaryotes universal diversified M14 comparative anatomy homologous phylogenetic tree cytochrome c DNA hybridization M15 mutation translocation radiation duplication mutagens sickle cell anaemia carcinogen M16 genetic engineering restriction enzymes sticky ends plasmid DNA ligase recombinant DNA electroporation micro-injection microparticle gun gene cloning transgenic M17 DNA sequencing pronucleus electrophoresis DNA fingerprint autoradiograph polymerase chain reaction DNA probes © Copyright Adelaide Tuition Centre. Breach of copyright is an illegal act. COPYRIGHT © ADELAIDE TUITION CENTRE MACROMOLECULES Glossary of Terms MACROMOLECULES COPYRIGHT © ADELAIDE TUITION CENTRE 14 Biology Essentials Test and Exam Pack: Adelaide Tuition Centre Revision Tables a. Structure and function of organic molecules Compound Carbohydrate Elements Monomer Examples Location in cells Functions Protein Lipid Nucleic acid b. Comparing DNA and RNA DNA RNA Sugar Nitrogen bases Structure Site in cell Types Function c. Levels of protein structure Level Primary Structure Secondary Tertiary Quarternary © Copyright Adelaide Tuition Centre. Breach of copyright is an illegal act. 15 Macromolecules d. Protein functions in cells Function Membrane receptors Channel proteins Carrier proteins e. Types of point mutation Type Substitution Description and effect Insertion Deletion f. DNA and Protein Synthesis processes Process DNA replication Events Site Transcription Translation g. Factors affecting enzyme activity Factor Temperature Effect pH Inhibitors Substrate concentration © Copyright Adelaide Tuition Centre. Breach of copyright is an illegal act. COPYRIGHT © ADELAIDE TUITION CENTRE Type Enzymes 16 MACROMOLECULES COPYRIGHT © ADELAIDE TUITION CENTRE h. Biology Essentials Test and Exam Pack: Adelaide Tuition Centre Steps in gene cloning Type Select desired gene Description Remove the desired gene from DNA Insert gene into a bacterial plasmid Insert recombinant plasmid into bacteria Copy gene in bacteria i. DNA manipulation processes Process Polymerase chain reaction Description Outcome DNA hybridization Transgenesis DNA profile j. Steps in the production of a DNA profile (DNA Fingerprinting) Step Collect DNA Description Cut DNA Separate DNA sections Blot and add probes Produce autoradiograph © Copyright Adelaide Tuition Centre. Breach of copyright is an illegal act. 17 Macromolecules k. Steps in polymerase chain reaction Description Heat DNA sample Add primers, DNA nucleotides and DNA polymerase Cool solution Repeat above cycle l. Steps in DNA hybridization (for checking how closely related organisms are) Step Extract and cut DNA into pieces Description Heat DNA strands Mix DNA from different sources Check to see the degree of bonding between different DNA sources © Copyright Adelaide Tuition Centre. Breach of copyright is an illegal act. COPYRIGHT © ADELAIDE TUITION CENTRE Step Collect DNA sample MACROMOLECULES COPYRIGHT © ADELAIDE TUITION CENTRE 18 Biology Essentials Test and Exam Pack: Adelaide Tuition Centre Multiple Choice Questions (approx 25 mins) 1.** A chemical that inhibits the formation of ribosomes would first affect J Mitosis K Respiration L Enzyme synthesis M Hormone secretion 2.* Mutation results from changes in J Nucleic acids K Ribosomes L Structural proteins M Enzymes 3.** Which one of the following statements is true of cellular respiration in both plants and animals? J The energy from carbohydrates is used to synthesise ATP K Carbon dioxide, carbohydrates and ATP are consumed L ADP is converted to ATP as carbohydrates are formed M Energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and then converted to ATP 4.* Which pair of the following organic molecules can be formed from the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only? J Proteins and carbohydrates K Proteins and lipids L Lipids and nucleic acids M Carbohydrates and lipids 5.** The chemical ATP is produced J In all living cells K Only in green cells in light L Only in animal cells M Only in eukaryotic cells © Copyright Adelaide Tuition Centre. Breach of copyright is an illegal act. 19 Macromolecules 6.***The following graph indicates that subtrate concentration increasing value J The higher the concentration of the substrate the greater the rate of reaction K The rate of reaction is unaffected by the substrate concentration L Above a certain concentration, increased levels of substrate have no effect on the rate of reaction M Above a certain concentration, the rate of reaction is decreased by increased levels of substrate 7.* The ‘message’ of the genetic code of a DNA molecule is contained in J The composition of the sugar molecules K The sequence of the nitrogen bases L The arrangement of the phosphate groups M The alternation of sugars and phosphates 8.* The synthesis of protein within the cell involves J The attachment of a molecule of DNA to the surface of a ribosome K The direct attachment of a molecule of messenger RNA to an amino acid molecule L The attachment of a molecule of amino acid to a molecule of transfer RNA M The attachment of a molecule of DNA to a molecule of amino acid 9.* A food product is made by a process during which proteins are broken down into their original building blocks. For this reason it would be expected that this product would contain J Amino acids K Salts L Sugars M Nucleotides 10.* In DNA the number of: J. Phosphate groups equal the number of nitrogen bases. K. Phosphate groups equal twice the number of sugar molecules. L. Guanine molecules equal the number of uracil molecules M. Adenine nucleotides equal the number of cytosine nucleotides. © Copyright Adelaide Tuition Centre. Breach of copyright is an illegal act. COPYRIGHT © ADELAIDE TUITION CENTRE rate of reaction 20 Biology Essentials Test and Exam Pack: Adelaide Tuition Centre MACROMOLECULES COPYRIGHT © ADELAIDE TUITION CENTRE 11.* During the process of DNA replication J. mRNA is produced. K. Each DNA strand acts as a template strand. L. Bonds between phosphate molecules and sugar molecules break M. A polypeptide chain made of amino acids is produced. 12.** The following sequence of nitrogenous bases was found in a nucleic acid AATCGCCTAAGGTCGAAT It was found to be a segment of: J. A DNA molecule. K. An mRNA molecule. L. An enzyme involved in DNA replication. M. A ribosome involved in protein synthesis. 13.** Scientists studying organic molecules have found that: J. polysaccharides are an important reserve of energy in cells K. chitin is a structural component of the cell membranes of crustaceans. L. glycogen is an important energy reserve in plant cells. M. lipids are only found in the cell membranes of eukaryotic cells. 14.*** A section of template DNA contains the following proportions of nitrogenous bases: 20% adenine, 30% thymine, 10% cytosine, 40% guanine. The proportions of the three mRNA nucleotides produced from this DNA are: J. 20% adenine, 30% uracil, 10% cytosine K. 40% cytosine, 20% adenine, 30% uracil. L. 20% uracil, 40% cytosine, 10% guanine. M. 20% thymine, 30% adenine, 10% guanine. 15**Many Biological substances are large molecules called polymers. These molecules consist of many smaller molecules, called monomers, joined together. Biological polymers would include J. protein molecules composed of glycerol and fatty acid molecules K. glycogen molecules composed of amino acid molecules L. cellulose molecules composed of glucose molecules M. starch molecules composed of glycerol molecules © Copyright Adelaide Tuition Centre. Breach of copyright is an illegal act. Macromolecules 21 16**Refer to the following table, which shows six amino acids and one of the mRNA code for each Amino acid mRNA codons Serine Alanine Methionine Valine Tyrosine Arginine UCU GCU AUG GAA UAC AGA A small section of a protein has the following amino acid sequence: Methionine-Serine-Tyrosine-Valine-Alanine The DNA base sequence that could be transcribed to produce this section of protein is: J ATG TCA TAC GAA GCT K UAC AGU AUG CUU GCA L TAC AGT ATG CTT CGA M AUG UCA UAC GAA GCU 17.* The synthesis of protein in a cell involves J Translation in the nucleus K Transcription of DNA into tRNA L Amino acids binding to a codon M A molecule of tRNA binding to a molecule of mRNA 18.*** Which of the following point mutations is likely to result in the least change in the production of a new protein? J Substitution of a DNA nucleotide towards the end of a gene K Deletion of a DNA nucleotide in the first half of a gene L Insertion of a DNA nucleotide in the middle of a gene M Deletion of 4 nucleotides at the end of a gene 19.* DNA is made up of repeating units called J. Amino acids. K. Peptide chains. L. Simple sugars. M. Nucleotides. 20.**DNA is double stranded, the template strand determining the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. The function of the complementary strand is to J. Provide the sequence of bases needed to produce a copy of the template during replication. K. To stabilise the template strand with complementary binding of the bases. L. To enable translation of the message on the ribosomes. M. Provide the complementary bases for the process of transcription. © Copyright Adelaide Tuition Centre. Breach of copyright is an illegal act. COPYRIGHT © ADELAIDE TUITION CENTRE MACROMOLECULES COPYRIGHT © ADELAIDE TUITION CENTRE 22 Biology Essentials Test and Exam Pack: Adelaide Tuition Centre 21.** (3) A cellular protein consists of a chain of 150 amino acids. The minimum number of nitrogen bases required to code for the production of this protein is J. 150 K. 300 L. 450. M. 600. 22.**Which one of the following processes best describes the induced – fit model of enzyme-substrate binding? J. The change in the complementary shape of the enzyme’s active site to ensure that binding can occur with the substrate. K. The complementary shape of the substrate’s active site and the enzyme ensure that binding can occur and the reaction will proceed. L. The enzyme and substrate bind strongly together and form a complex that allows the reaction to proceed M. The shape of the enzyme and substrate both change as complementary binding occurs. 23.**The codon UGU, codes for the amino acid cysteine. It is reasonable to say that J. The DNA sequence on the template strand which codes for cysteine is TCT. K. The triplet of bases on the anticodon which matches with this codon, is the same triplet of bases as on the DNA template strand coding for cysteine. L. Other amino acids other than cysteine would be coded for by UGU. M. There are several DNA sequences that can code for the codon UGU. 24.* In a eukaryotic organism, gene expression may involve J. Translation of the DNA sequence in the nucleus. K. Transcription of the mRNA sequence on the ribosomes. L. Complementary binding of the codon and anticodon at the ribosomes. M. The movement of mRNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. 25.***At a crime scene police investigators discovered several samples that contained DNA and protein. In order to distinguish between samples taken from a suspect and victim, the investigator would most likely J. Carry out the process of DNA sequencing on DNA found at the scene of the crime. K. Discover the amino acid sequence of the protein found at the scene of the crime. L. Carry out the polymerase chain reaction on DNA found at the scene of the crime. M. Use DNA probes to identify particular genes on the DNA found at the scene of the crime. © Copyright Adelaide Tuition Centre. Breach of copyright is an illegal act. Macromolecules 23 1** Cells in a multicellular organism all have the same genetic potential yet some produce certain substances while others do not. Explain why this is so. _ _________________________________________________________________________________ _ _________________________________________________________________________________ _ _________________________________________________________________________________ _ _________________________________________________________________________________ _ _________________________________________________________________________________ (4 marks) 2. (a)**A point mutation is the substitution of a base in the DNA sequence. A frame-shift mutation is the deletion or insertion of a base in the DNA sequence. Discuss the change EACH of these types of mutation will make in the DNA code and the possible effect EACH would have on the protein produced as a result ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ (4 marks) (b)* A further type of mutation is termed a ‘chromosomal mutation’. Explain what this means and give an example of such a mutation in humans. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ (4 marks) 3.***Recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce human insulin by bacteria. Explain how insulin is produced in this way. _ _________________________________________________________________________________ _ _________________________________________________________________________________ _ _________________________________________________________________________________ _ _________________________________________________________________________________ _ _________________________________________________________________________________ (4 marks) © Copyright Adelaide Tuition Centre. Breach of copyright is an illegal act. COPYRIGHT © ADELAIDE TUITION CENTRE Short Answer Questions (approx 25 mins)