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13
Macromolecules
Define the following terms:
M1
M6
M12
macromolecule
DNA
deoxyribose sugar
phosphate
nucleotide
monomer
polymer
helix
complementary base pairs
hydrogen bonds
DNA replication
carbohydrate
monosaccharide
glucose
polysaccharide
cellulose
cell wall
exoskeleton
lipid
phospholipid
membrane structure
cuticle
cholesterol
starch
glycogen
chitin
chromatid
centromere
heredity
M2
chromosome
chromatin
centromere
gene
gene locus
mutation
M7
semi-conservative replication
DNA polymerase
M3
M8
RNA
ribose sugar
codon
protein
polypeptide
enzymes
catalysts
substrate
active site
specificity
induced fit
cofactor
denature
inhibitors
temperature
pH
M4
mRNA
tRNA
template
transcription
translation
amino acid
peptide bond
anticodon
RNA polymerase
ribosomes
nucleus
cytoplasm
M9
molecular recognition
hormone
M10
activation energy
M11
M5
primary structure
secondary structure
tertiary structure
haemoglobin
antibody
membrane receptor molecule
polysaccharide
starch
glycogen
respiration
mitosis
M13
evolution
prokaryotes
universal
diversified
M14
comparative anatomy
homologous
phylogenetic tree
cytochrome c
DNA hybridization
M15
mutation
translocation
radiation
duplication
mutagens
sickle cell anaemia
carcinogen
M16
genetic engineering
restriction enzymes
sticky ends
plasmid
DNA ligase
recombinant DNA
electroporation
micro-injection
microparticle gun
gene cloning
transgenic
M17
DNA sequencing
pronucleus
electrophoresis
DNA fingerprint
autoradiograph
polymerase chain reaction
DNA probes
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MACROMOLECULES
Glossary of Terms
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14
Biology Essentials Test and Exam Pack: Adelaide Tuition Centre
Revision Tables
a.
Structure and function of organic molecules
Compound
Carbohydrate
Elements
Monomer
Examples
Location in cells
Functions
Protein
Lipid
Nucleic acid
b.
Comparing DNA and RNA
DNA
RNA
Sugar
Nitrogen bases
Structure
Site in cell
Types
Function
c.
Levels of protein structure
Level
Primary
Structure
Secondary
Tertiary
Quarternary
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15
Macromolecules
d.
Protein functions in cells
Function
Membrane receptors
Channel proteins
Carrier proteins
e.
Types of point mutation
Type
Substitution
Description and effect
Insertion
Deletion
f.
DNA and Protein Synthesis processes
Process
DNA replication
Events
Site
Transcription
Translation
g.
Factors affecting enzyme activity
Factor
Temperature
Effect
pH
Inhibitors
Substrate
concentration
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Type
Enzymes
16
MACROMOLECULES
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h.
Biology Essentials Test and Exam Pack: Adelaide Tuition Centre
Steps in gene cloning
Type
Select desired gene
Description
Remove the desired
gene from DNA
Insert gene into a
bacterial plasmid
Insert recombinant
plasmid into bacteria
Copy gene in bacteria
i.
DNA manipulation processes
Process
Polymerase chain reaction
Description
Outcome
DNA hybridization
Transgenesis
DNA profile
j.
Steps in the production of a DNA profile (DNA Fingerprinting)
Step
Collect DNA
Description
Cut DNA
Separate DNA sections
Blot and add probes
Produce autoradiograph
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17
Macromolecules
k.
Steps in polymerase chain reaction
Description
Heat DNA sample
Add primers, DNA nucleotides
and DNA polymerase
Cool solution
Repeat above cycle
l.
Steps in DNA hybridization (for checking how closely related organisms are)
Step
Extract and cut DNA into pieces
Description
Heat DNA strands
Mix DNA from different sources
Check to see the degree of bonding
between different DNA sources
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Step
Collect DNA sample
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18
Biology Essentials Test and Exam Pack: Adelaide Tuition Centre
Multiple Choice Questions (approx 25 mins)
1.** A chemical that inhibits the formation of ribosomes would first affect
J
Mitosis
K
Respiration
L
Enzyme synthesis
M
Hormone secretion
2.* Mutation results from changes in
J
Nucleic acids
K
Ribosomes
L
Structural proteins
M
Enzymes
3.** Which one of the following statements is true of cellular respiration in both plants
and animals?
J
The energy from carbohydrates is used to synthesise ATP
K
Carbon dioxide, carbohydrates and ATP are consumed
L
ADP is converted to ATP as carbohydrates are formed
M
Energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and then converted to ATP
4.* Which pair of the following organic molecules can be formed from the elements carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen only?
J
Proteins and carbohydrates
K
Proteins and lipids
L
Lipids and nucleic acids
M
Carbohydrates and lipids
5.** The chemical ATP is produced
J
In all living cells
K
Only in green cells in light
L
Only in animal cells
M
Only in eukaryotic cells
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19
Macromolecules
6.***The following graph indicates that
subtrate concentration
increasing
value
J
The higher the concentration of the substrate the greater the rate of reaction
K
The rate of reaction is unaffected by the substrate concentration
L
Above a certain concentration, increased levels of substrate have no effect on the rate of reaction
M
Above a certain concentration, the rate of reaction is decreased by increased levels of substrate
7.* The ‘message’ of the genetic code of a DNA molecule is contained in
J
The composition of the sugar molecules
K
The sequence of the nitrogen bases
L
The arrangement of the phosphate groups
M
The alternation of sugars and phosphates
8.* The synthesis of protein within the cell involves
J
The attachment of a molecule of DNA to the surface of a ribosome
K
The direct attachment of a molecule of messenger RNA to an amino acid molecule
L
The attachment of a molecule of amino acid to a molecule of transfer RNA
M
The attachment of a molecule of DNA to a molecule of amino acid
9.* A food product is made by a process during which proteins are broken down into their original building
blocks. For this reason it would be expected that this product would contain
J
Amino acids
K
Salts
L
Sugars
M
Nucleotides
10.* In DNA the number of:
J.
Phosphate groups equal the number of nitrogen bases.
K.
Phosphate groups equal twice the number of sugar molecules.
L.
Guanine molecules equal the number of uracil molecules
M. Adenine nucleotides equal the number of cytosine nucleotides.
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rate of
reaction
20
Biology Essentials Test and Exam Pack: Adelaide Tuition Centre
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11.* During the process of DNA replication
J.
mRNA is produced.
K.
Each DNA strand acts as a template strand.
L.
Bonds between phosphate molecules and sugar molecules break
M. A polypeptide chain made of amino acids is produced.
12.**
The following sequence of nitrogenous bases was found in a nucleic acid
AATCGCCTAAGGTCGAAT
It was found to be a segment of:
J.
A DNA molecule.
K.
An mRNA molecule.
L.
An enzyme involved in DNA replication.
M. A ribosome involved in protein synthesis.
13.**
Scientists studying organic molecules have found that:
J.
polysaccharides are an important reserve of energy in cells
K.
chitin is a structural component of the cell membranes of crustaceans.
L.
glycogen is an important energy reserve in plant cells.
M. lipids are only found in the cell membranes of eukaryotic cells.
14.*** A section of template DNA contains the following proportions of nitrogenous bases: 20% adenine, 30%
thymine, 10% cytosine, 40% guanine.
The proportions of the three mRNA nucleotides produced from this DNA are:
J.
20% adenine, 30% uracil, 10% cytosine
K.
40% cytosine, 20% adenine, 30% uracil.
L.
20% uracil, 40% cytosine, 10% guanine.
M. 20% thymine, 30% adenine, 10% guanine.
15**Many Biological substances are large molecules called polymers. These molecules consist of many smaller
molecules, called monomers, joined together. Biological polymers would include
J.
protein molecules composed of glycerol and fatty acid molecules
K.
glycogen molecules composed of amino acid molecules
L.
cellulose molecules composed of glucose molecules
M. starch molecules composed of glycerol molecules
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Macromolecules
21
16**Refer to the following table, which shows six amino acids and one of the mRNA code for each
Amino acid mRNA codons
Serine Alanine Methionine Valine Tyrosine Arginine UCU
GCU
AUG
GAA
UAC
AGA
A small section of a protein has the following amino acid sequence:
Methionine-Serine-Tyrosine-Valine-Alanine
The DNA base sequence that could be transcribed to produce this section of protein is:
J
ATG TCA TAC GAA GCT
K
UAC AGU AUG CUU GCA
L
TAC AGT ATG CTT CGA
M
AUG UCA UAC GAA GCU
17.* The synthesis of protein in a cell involves
J
Translation in the nucleus
K
Transcription of DNA into tRNA
L
Amino acids binding to a codon
M
A molecule of tRNA binding to a molecule of mRNA
18.*** Which of the following point mutations is likely to result in the least change in the production of a new
protein?
J
Substitution of a DNA nucleotide towards the end of a gene
K
Deletion of a DNA nucleotide in the first half of a gene
L
Insertion of a DNA nucleotide in the middle of a gene
M
Deletion of 4 nucleotides at the end of a gene
19.* DNA is made up of repeating units called
J.
Amino acids.
K.
Peptide chains.
L.
Simple sugars.
M. Nucleotides.
20.**DNA is double stranded, the template strand determining the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. The
function of the complementary strand is to
J. Provide the sequence of bases needed to produce a copy of the template during replication.
K.
To stabilise the template strand with complementary binding of the bases.
L. To enable translation of the message on the ribosomes.
M. Provide the complementary bases for the process of transcription.
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22
Biology Essentials Test and Exam Pack: Adelaide Tuition Centre
21.** (3)
A cellular protein consists of a chain of 150 amino acids. The minimum number of nitrogen
bases required to code for the production of this protein is
J.
150
K.
300
L.
450.
M. 600.
22.**Which one of the following processes best describes the induced – fit model of enzyme-substrate binding?
J.
The change in the complementary shape of the enzyme’s active site to ensure that binding can occur
with the substrate.
K.
The complementary shape of the substrate’s active site and the enzyme ensure that binding can occur
and the reaction will proceed.
L.
The enzyme and substrate bind strongly together and form a complex that allows the reaction to
proceed
M. The shape of the enzyme and substrate both change as complementary binding occurs.
23.**The codon UGU, codes for the amino acid cysteine. It is reasonable to say that
J.
The DNA sequence on the template strand which codes for cysteine is TCT.
K.
The triplet of bases on the anticodon which matches with this codon, is the same triplet of bases as on
the DNA template strand coding for cysteine.
L.
Other amino acids other than cysteine would be coded for by UGU.
M. There are several DNA sequences that can code for the codon UGU.
24.* In a eukaryotic organism, gene expression may involve
J.
Translation of the DNA sequence in the nucleus.
K.
Transcription of the mRNA sequence on the ribosomes.
L.
Complementary binding of the codon and anticodon at the ribosomes.
M. The movement of mRNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
25.***At a crime scene police investigators discovered several samples that contained DNA and protein. In order
to distinguish between samples taken from a suspect and victim, the investigator would most likely
J.
Carry out the process of DNA sequencing on DNA found at the scene of the crime.
K.
Discover the amino acid sequence of the protein found at the scene of the crime.
L.
Carry out the polymerase chain reaction on DNA found at the scene of the crime.
M. Use DNA probes to identify particular genes on the DNA found at the scene of the crime.
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Macromolecules
23
1** Cells in a multicellular organism all have the same genetic potential yet some produce certain substances
while others do not. Explain why this is so.
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(4 marks)
2.
(a)**A point mutation is the substitution of a base in the DNA sequence.
A frame-shift mutation is the deletion or insertion of a base in the DNA sequence.
Discuss the change EACH of these types of mutation will make in the DNA code and the possible effect
EACH would have on the protein produced as a result
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(4 marks)
(b)* A further type of mutation is termed a ‘chromosomal mutation’.
Explain what this means and give an example of such a mutation in humans.
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(4 marks)
3.***Recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce human insulin by bacteria.
Explain how insulin is produced in this way.
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(4 marks)
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Short Answer Questions (approx 25 mins)