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11.2 HW Check DNA controls cells by encoding the instructions for making Proteins _______________________. How is RNA similar to DNA? They are both nucleic acids How is RNA different from DNA? (Hint: 3 ways) 1. Their structures are different- RNA is single stranded (DNA is double stranded), 2. The sugar in RNA is ribose (DNA’s sugar is deoxyribose), 3. RNA contains different nitrogenous bases- AGCU (DNA contains AGCT) What is the role of RNA in the cell? It forms a copy of DNA that can exit the nucleus and be used to make protein. What are the three types of RNA that build proteins? What does each of them do? mRNA- brings instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm rRNA- makes up the ribosome (an organelle that builds proteins) tRNA- delivers amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein What is the main difference between transcription and DNA replication? DNA replication is the process of doubling one’s DNA (it produces more DNA). Transcription is the process of converting DNA to RNA (it produces RNA). What is RNA processing? The process of changing the structure of the mRNA so that it can leave the nucleus. How is the genetic code read? The genetic code is contained in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. Nucleotides are “read” in sets of three. (Codons) Where does transcription take place? Where does translation take place? Transcription takes place in the nucleus; translation takes place in the cytoplasm (at the ribosome) For proteins to be built (during the process of translation), the 20 different ___amino acids___________ dissolved in the ______cytoplasm_________ must be brought to the ___ribosome___. Describe how the process of translation works. The mRNA molecule attaches itself to a ribosome. Each codon on the mRNA chain codes for a different tRNA molecule, which carries a specific amino acid. Depending on the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule, a tRNA molecule will attach itself to the mRNA within the ribosome. The tRNA will leave its amino acid attached to the ribosome, and as the ribosome moves down the mRNA strand, a new amino acid will be brought to the chain depending on the sequence of nitrogenous bases on the mRNA strand. Protein Synthesis AKA: Gene Expression NOT A PART OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Replication: NOT A PART OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS The process by which DNA makes copies of itself. NOT A PART OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -This takes place in the nucleus of the cell before the cell undergoes mitosis NOT A PART OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Protein Synthesis: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41_Ne5mS 2ls DNA is important because it is the blueprint for building an organism. -DNA is the blueprint for building proteins which build organisms. -A protein is a long train of amino acids linked together. -Proteins have a number of important functions: -they can provide structure (ligaments, fingernails, hair) -help in digestion (stomach enzymes) -aid in movement (muscles), and much more -We express our genes by using unique combinations of nucleotides to synthesize unique combinations of proteins How does DNA synthesize proteins? Transcription 1. The DNA is converted into a different form (called mRNA) in the nucleus mRNA Processing 2. The structure of mRNA is changed it can exit the nucleus Translation 3. The mRNA is sent to a ribosome, where it is used as a template to place amino acids in the correct order The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology DNA Transcription mRNA Translation Protein In order for DNA to make protein, it must be first transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus. The mRNA is then translated into protein in the cytoplasm. What is a gene? • A segment of DNA that contains information for how to build a particular protein • A gene is like a recipe that tells a cell how to make a protein Why do different species look and function differently? • They have different genes! Why do different species look and function differently? • They have different genes! • Different creatures have different genes, but all genes are written in the same language of A’s, G’s, C’s, and T’s. DNA mRNA Protein -In the nucleus, the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA is copied into a corresponding sequence in the mRNA. -The sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule determine the order of amino acids that will make up the protein DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA deoxyribose ribose Nitrogenous bases used: AGTC AGUC # of Strands: two one Sugar: Kinds of RNA 1. mRNA A copy of the DNA that travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm Kinds of RNA 1. mRNA A copy of the DNA that travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm 2. tRNA Transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome Kinds of RNA 1. mRNA A copy of the DNA that travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm 2. tRNA Transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome 3. rRNA What the ribosome is made of. Essential Questions • What is a gene? • How are living things related? • What is the difference between DNA and RNA? • What are the three types of RNA used during protein synthesis? Transcription The process of converting DNA to RNA in the nucleus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztPkv7wc3yU Transcription The process of converting DNA to RNA in the nucleus Transcription: Steps 1. Transcription factors (enzymes) bind to the promoter region on the DNA strand 2. RNA Polymerase (enzyme) binds to the transcription factors and begins creating an mRNA strand that is complementary to the gene on the DNA 3. The mRNA breaks off from the DNA Transcription The process of converting DNA to RNA in the nucleus Processing the mRNA Transcript In eukaryotic cells, the structure of the newly-formed mRNA transcript must be changed before it can leave the nucleus. A cap is added to one end A poly-A tail is added to the other end. Introns are removed. Sequences in the mRNA that do not code for a protein Exons: sequences in the mRNA that code for proteins Translation The process ribosomes use to synthesize amino acid chains based off of an mRNA template. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zb6r1MMTkc&feature=related Translation: Steps 1. An mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. 2. The ribosome reads the mRNA in sets of three nucleotides called codons. -Each codon is unique and binds to a particular tRNA molecule. Translation: Steps 1. An mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. 2. The ribosome reads the mRNA in sets of three nucleotides called codons. -Each codon is unique and binds to a particular tRNA molecule. Translation: Steps 3. tRNA molecules bring the amino acids to the ribosome and connect them in a chain. 4. The sequence of nucleotides on the mRNA strand determines which amino acid will be added to the amino acid chain. The Genetic Code -Every codon codes for a specific tRNA molecule -Every tRNA molecule is attached to a specific amino acid -Codons in the DNA and mRNA determine the order of amino acids in the protein chain The Genetic Code -There are 20 amino acids used by living things -There are 64 possible codon combinations -Therefore, it is possible to have multiple codons that code for the same amino acid http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41_Ne5mS 2ls PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: -Review:What is a protein? -The Genetic Code (the role of codons) -DNA vs. RNA -3 types of RNA: tRNA mRNA rRNA -3 Steps of Protein Synthesis: 1. Transcription 2. mRNA Processing 3. Translation TO STUDY FOR YOUR QUIZ: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 10.2 Notes WS (HW) Meiosis drawing Meiosis Notes (ppt) 11.1 Notes WS (HW) DNA Structure Notes (ppt) 11.2 Notes WS (HW) Transcription/Translation Notes (ppt) DNA Contains Codes In the nucleus, the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA is copied into a corresponding sequence in the mRNA. DNA STRING: INDIVIDUAL STRANDS OPENED: mRNA MADE OFF DNA TEMPLATE: mRNA FREE TO LEAVE NUCLEUS CGTGTCGCCGTGCGTGGCGTGGCGTGGCGCGTTTGCGC GCACAGCGGCACGCACCGCACCGCACCGCGCAAACGCG CGTGTCGCCGTGCGTGGCGTGGCGTGGCGCGTTTGCGC GCACAGCGGCACGCACCGCACCGCACCGCGCAAACGCG CGTGTCGCCGTGCGTGGCGTGGCGTGGCGCGTTTGCGC GCACAGCGGCACGCACCGCACCGCACCGCGCAAACGCG GCACAGCGGCACGCACCGCACCGCACCGCGCAAACGCG GCACAGCGGCACGCACCGCACCGCACCGCGCAAACGCG