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CellStructure andOrganelles SBI4U—2016/10/14 Insidethecell Thesearegeneralizations,notrules! Everythinginsidethecellmembranebesidesthe nucleusiscalledthecytoplasm; ◦ Theliquidisknownascytosol. Source:http://www.yourgenome.org/ PlantvsAnimalCells Plant Chloroplast Centralvacuole Cellwall Animal Lysosomes Manysmallvesicles Nucleus ContainsandreplicatesDNA(geneticinformation): ◦ DNAisstoredaschromatinand,duringreplication,as chromosomes. Hasitsownmembrane,thenuclearenvelope: ◦ Theenvelopehasnuclearporeswhichregulatenutrientand macromoleculemovement. Thedensestpartofthenucleusiscalledthenucleolus, whichisusedtosynthesizeribosomes; Therestofthenucleusisfilledwithnucleoplasm. Source:http://0.tqn.com/ Mitochondria Themitochondriabreaksdowncertainmoleculestorelease energy; Hasasmoothexternalmembrane,butafoldedinner membrane; Alsoplaysaroleinregulatingapoptosis(self-destruction); MitochondriahassomeDNAofitsown! Source:https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/ Chloroplast Permitscellstoconductphotosynthesis; Lightisabsorbedbythephotosyntheticpigment chlorophyll: ◦ Thislighthelpsconvertwaterandcarbondioxideintohigh energymolecules. Thechlorophylliscontainedinthemembranesofdiskshapedthylakoids: ◦ Astackofthylakoidsformsagranum. Notfoundinanimalcells(butratherplantandalgalcells). Source:http://images.tutorvista.com/ Whichismoreimportant? Nucleus,mitochondriaorchloroplast? Endoplasmicreticulum Partoftheendomembranesystem; Twotypesofendoplasmicreticulum(ER),rough&smooth; RoughERcontainsribosomes: ◦ Itisattachedtothenucleus; ◦ Itsynthesizesproteins(forthemembraneorexport). SmoothERdoesnotcontainribosomes: ◦ Itsynthesizeslipids; ◦ Alsoprovidesotherservices,suchasdetoxingalcohol. Source:http://image.tutorvista.com/ Golgiapparatus Partoftheendomembranesystem; Newproteinsandlipidsaretransportedfromtheroughand smoothERtotheGolgiapparatus TheGolgiapparatussorts,packsanddistributesthese proteinsandlipids; Also,theGolgiapparatusproduceslysosomes. Source:https://media1.britannica.com Endomembranesystem Nuclearenvelope; Endoplasmicreticulum: ◦ Rough; ◦ Smooth. Golgiapparatus; Vesicles. Source:https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net/ &Texbook p.61 Lysosomesandperoxisomes Lysosomesandperoxisomesbreakdownlarge,harmfuland uselessmolecules; Theyperformsimilarfunctionsbutthroughdifferent processesandondifferentmolecules; Lysosomesarenotfoundinplantcells. Source:http://www.gridgit.com/ Vesiclesandvacuoles Vesiclesaresacsusedtostoreandtransportnutrients throughoutthecell; ◦ E.g.TransportformtheERtotheGolgiapparatus Vacuolesareverylargesacsandreplacemanysmall vesicles; Vacuolesarenotfoundinanimalcells. Source:http://waynesword.palomar.edu Cytoskeletonandcellwall Thecytoskeletonisanetworkoffilamentsandother anchorsthatgivestructuretothecellanditsorganelles; Acellwalliscomposedofcelluloseandgivethecellrigidity; Thecellwallisnotfoundinanimalcells. Source:http://plantcellcrk.weebly.com/ Ciliaandflagella Ciliaandflagellaareappendagesthatextendoutside ofthecell; Flagellaarefewandlong,generallyusedfor movement; Ciliaareshortandmany,usedforavarietyofphysical tasks. Source:http://www.microbiologyinfo.com PartsoftheCell Nucleus Contains DNA Mitochondria Converts certainmoleculesintousableenergy Chloroplasts Absorbs lightenergy,conductsphotosynthesis Endoplasmic reticulum Partofproteinandlipidsynthesis Golgiapparatus Processes proteinsandlipids Vesiclesandvacuoles Storage andtransportofresources(alsoprovidesstructure,inplants) Lysosomesandperoxisomes Breakdownmolecules Cytoskeletonandcellwall Provides structure Ciliaandflagella Mobilityand otherphysicalfunctions Activity:____islike… Nucleus Contains DNA Mitochondria Converts certainmoleculesintousableenergy Chloroplasts Absorbs lightenergy,conductsphotosynthesis Endoplasmic reticulum Partofproteinandlipidsynthesis Golgiapparatus Processes proteinsandlipids Vesiclesandvacuoles Storage andtransportofresources(alsoprovidesstructure,inplants) Lysosomesandperoxisomes Breakdownmolecules Cytoskeletonand cellwall Provides structure Ciliaandflagella Mobilityand otherphysicalfunctions