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Download 1 Questions: Concept Check 11.1 1. How did Griffith`s experiments
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Questions: Concept Check 11.1 1. How did Griffith's experiments indicate the presence of a "transforming factor" in bacteria? Figure 11-1 Griffith showed that although a deadly strain of bacteria could be made harmless by heating it, some factor in that strain is still able to change 1 2. Describe the experimental design that allowed Hershey and Chase to distinguish between the two options for genetic material. Figure 11-4 Hershey and Chase offered further evidence that DNA, not proteins, is the genetic material. Only the DNA of the old generation of viruses is incorporated into the new generation. DNA stands for _____________________________________________ DNA belongs to a 4th category of Organic Compound called _______________________ ______________________. What are the building blocks of DNA called? _______________________ 2 Here is a Nucleotide: the building block of DNA. What are the THREE parts of a Nucleotide? 1. 2. 3. What are the FOUR different Nitrogenous Bases? 1. 2. 3. 4. 3 What type of bond joins together the DNA strands between the Sugar (Deoxyribose) and Phosphate? ______________________________ Sugar-Phosphate “Backbone” Nucleotide Monomers join together to make a DNA strand, a polymer. DNA Structure: The Double Helix and Complementary Base Pairs Describe the structure of a DNA molecule? Where is the sugar-phosphate backbone? Where are the bases located? What is the Complimentary Base-pair Rule? Which Bases can form pairs? Write them below: What bond attracts base pairs together? Question: If six bases on one strand of a DNA double helix are AGTCGG, what are the six bases on the complementary section of the other strand of DNA? 4 DNA Replication Steps http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/dna_replication/index.html Using the website above, Name the Enzymes/Proteins & What they do in correct Order: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 5 What is a Gene? (*look this up) ________________________________________________ What is a Polypeptide? ____________________________________________________ Define: Genotype: ________________________________________________________ Define: Phenotype: _______________________________________________________ Information Flow: DNA to RNA to Protein What does RNA stand for? _____________________________________________ Compare/Contrast RNA Sugar Bases # of Strands DNA Briefly Describe the “Transcription” Process: Briefly Describe the “Translation” Process: What is a Codon? 6 How many Amino Acids are there? __________________ How many possible Codons? ________________________ Translate the following codons into their correct Amino Acid: AGG: _______________ CGU:_______________ GGC: _______________ AUG: _______________ UAA: _______________ Explain what is meant by the “universal nature” of the Genetic code? In other words, why is it possible to transfer the gene of one species to another and successfully make that protein as in the case of this glow-in-the-dark fish that is expressing the glow gene from a jellyfish? 7 TRANSCRIPTION: DNA mRNA Editing the RNA Message What is RNA splicing? What are Introns? What are Exons? 8 Translation: RNA to Protein What are the Ribosomal sub-units, small and large? What are the “P” and “A” sites? What is a tRNA? What is an Anti-codon? Where does it carry the Amino Acid? 9 Translation Chart—always reads the Codon off the mRNA molecule What is the START Codon? _______________ What are the three STOP codons? ______________________________________ 10 Review of Protein Synthesis Explain how the Genotype relates to the Phenotype. Complete the Summary: The DNA serves as a ____________, dictating transcription of a complementary strand of __________. In turn, mRNA specifies the sequence of _____________ in a polypeptide built with the assistance of ____________ and the rRNA of a ribosome. Finally, the __________ that form from the polypeptides determine the appearance and functioning of the cell and of the whole organism. 11 What is a Mutation? What is a Mutagen? Two Types of POINT Mutation: 1. Base Substitution: Can lead to Silent Mutation: Can Lead to Missense Mutation: Can lead to Nonsense Mutation: 2. Base Deletion or Addition (results in a Frame Shift) Always leads to Nonsense Mutation: In each case, how many Codons are affected? How many Amino Acids? Which one is worse? 12 Mutation Case Study HBB: The Gene Associated with Sickle Cell Anemia Official Gene Symbol: HBB Name of Gene Product: hemoglobin Locus: The HBB gene is found on human chromosome 11. Protein Function: The HBB gene codes for the Hemoglobin molecule, which resides in red blood cells, and is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to various parts of the body for use in respiration. Normal adult hemoglobin is a four part protein consisting of two alpha chains and two beta chains. Mutant forms of this gene is responsible for the sickling of red blood cells seen in sickle shape of sickle cell anemia. Approximate gene location is based on Chromosome 11 map from NCBI Entrez Map Viewer. Figure 1: Normal Hemoglobin Figure 2: Mutant Hemoglobin leading to Sickle Cell Anemia 13 Common Disease Causing Mutation Sickle cell anemia is caused by the hemoglobin variant Hb S. In this variant, the hydrophobic amino acid valine takes the place of hydrophilic glutamic acid at the sixth amino acid position of the HBB polypeptide chain. This substitution creates a hydrophobic spot on the outside of the protein structure that sticks to the hydrophobic region of an adjacent hemoglobin molecule's beta chain. This clumping together (polymerization) of Hb S molecules into rigid fibers causes the "sickling" of red blood cells. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/pos ters/chromosome/hbb.shtml Figure 3: Normal and mutated HBB sequences What type of mutation causes Sickle Cell? ______________________ How many Nucleotides are affected? ___________________________ How many Amino Acids are affected? ____________________________________ Can this condition be cured? 14