Download 1 Questions: Concept Check 11.1 1. How did Griffith`s experiments

Questions:
Concept Check 11.1
1. How did Griffith's experiments indicate the presence of a "transforming factor" in
bacteria?
Figure 11-1
Griffith showed that although a deadly strain of bacteria could be made harmless by
heating it, some factor in that strain is still able to change
1
2. Describe the experimental design that allowed Hershey and Chase to distinguish
between the two options for genetic material.
Figure 11-4
Hershey and Chase offered further evidence that DNA, not proteins, is the genetic material.
Only the DNA of the old generation of viruses is incorporated into the new generation.
DNA stands for _____________________________________________
DNA belongs to a 4th category of Organic Compound called
_______________________ ______________________.
What are the building blocks of DNA called? _______________________
2
Here is a Nucleotide: the building block of DNA.
What are the THREE parts of a Nucleotide?
1.
2.
3.
What are the FOUR different Nitrogenous Bases?
1.
2.
3.
4.
3
What type of bond joins together the DNA strands between the Sugar
(Deoxyribose) and Phosphate? ______________________________
Sugar-Phosphate
“Backbone”
Nucleotide Monomers join
together to make a DNA
strand, a polymer.
DNA Structure: The Double Helix and Complementary Base Pairs
Describe the structure of a DNA molecule? Where is the
sugar-phosphate backbone? Where are the bases located?
What is the Complimentary Base-pair Rule?
Which Bases can form pairs? Write them below:
What bond attracts base pairs together?
Question: If six bases on one strand of a DNA double helix are AGTCGG, what are
the six bases on the complementary section of the other strand of DNA?
4
DNA Replication Steps
http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/dna_replication/index.html
Using the website above, Name the Enzymes/Proteins & What they do in correct Order:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
5
What is a Gene? (*look this up) ________________________________________________
What is a Polypeptide? ____________________________________________________
Define: Genotype: ________________________________________________________
Define: Phenotype: _______________________________________________________
Information Flow: DNA to RNA to Protein
What does RNA stand for? _____________________________________________
Compare/Contrast
RNA
Sugar
Bases
# of Strands
DNA
Briefly Describe the
“Transcription” Process:
Briefly Describe the
“Translation” Process:
What is a Codon?
6
How many Amino Acids are there?
__________________
How many possible Codons?
________________________
Translate the following codons into their
correct Amino Acid:
AGG: _______________
CGU:_______________
GGC: _______________
AUG: _______________
UAA: _______________
Explain what is meant by the “universal nature” of
the Genetic code? In other words, why is it
possible to transfer the gene of one species to
another and successfully make that protein as in the
case of this glow-in-the-dark fish that is expressing
the glow gene from a jellyfish?
7
TRANSCRIPTION: DNA mRNA
Editing the RNA Message
What is RNA splicing?
What are Introns?
What are Exons?
8
Translation: RNA to Protein
What are the Ribosomal sub-units, small and large?
What are the “P” and “A” sites?
What is a tRNA? What is an Anti-codon? Where does it carry the Amino Acid?
9
Translation Chart—always reads the Codon off the mRNA molecule
What is the START Codon? _______________
What are the three STOP codons? ______________________________________
10
Review of Protein Synthesis
Explain how the Genotype relates to the Phenotype.
Complete the Summary:
The DNA serves as a ____________, dictating transcription of a complementary
strand of __________.
In turn, mRNA specifies the sequence of _____________ in a polypeptide built with
the assistance of ____________ and the rRNA of a ribosome.
Finally, the __________ that form from the polypeptides determine the appearance
and functioning of the cell and of the whole organism.
11
What is a Mutation?
What is a Mutagen?
Two Types of POINT Mutation:
1. Base Substitution:
Can lead to Silent Mutation:
Can Lead to Missense Mutation:
Can lead to Nonsense Mutation:
2. Base Deletion or Addition (results in a Frame Shift)
Always leads to Nonsense Mutation:
In each case, how many Codons are affected? How many Amino Acids? Which one is worse?
12
Mutation Case Study
HBB: The Gene Associated with Sickle Cell Anemia
Official Gene Symbol: HBB
Name of Gene Product: hemoglobin
Locus: The HBB gene is found on human chromosome 11.
Protein Function: The HBB gene codes for the Hemoglobin molecule, which resides
in red blood cells, and is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to various
parts of the body for use in respiration. Normal adult hemoglobin is a four part protein
consisting of two alpha chains and two beta chains. Mutant forms of this gene is
responsible for the sickling of red blood cells seen in sickle shape of sickle cell
anemia.
Approximate gene location is based
on Chromosome 11 map from NCBI
Entrez Map Viewer.
Figure 1: Normal Hemoglobin
Figure 2: Mutant Hemoglobin leading to Sickle Cell Anemia
13
Common Disease Causing Mutation
Sickle cell anemia is caused by the hemoglobin
variant Hb S. In this variant, the hydrophobic
amino acid valine takes the place of hydrophilic
glutamic acid at the sixth amino acid position of
the HBB polypeptide chain. This substitution
creates a hydrophobic spot on the outside of the
protein structure that sticks to the hydrophobic
region of an adjacent hemoglobin molecule's
beta chain. This clumping together
(polymerization) of Hb S molecules into rigid
fibers causes the "sickling" of red blood cells.
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/pos
ters/chromosome/hbb.shtml
Figure 3: Normal and mutated HBB sequences
What type of mutation causes Sickle Cell? ______________________
How many Nucleotides are affected? ___________________________
How many Amino Acids are affected? ____________________________________
Can this condition be cured?
14