Download BIO 101 Study Guide Exam 4 Patterns of Inheritance Chapter 9

BIO 101 Study Guide
Exam 4
Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 9
I) Mendel’s Laws
A) Explain why Mendel’s decision to work with peas was a good choice.
B) Define and distinguish between true-breeding organisms, hybrids, the P generation, the F1
generation, and the F2 generation.
C) Define and distinguish between the following pairs of terms: genotype and phenotype;
dominant allele and recessive allele; heterozygous and homozygous.
D) Define a monohybrid cross
E) Describe the genetic relationship between homologous chromosomes.
F) Explain how recessive and dominant disorders are inherited. Provide examples of each.
II) Variations on Mendel’s Laws
A) Describe the inheritance patterns of: incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic
inheritance. Provide an example of each.
B) Explain how the sickle-cell allele can be adaptive.
C) Explain why human skin coloration is not sufficiently explained by polygenic inheritance
III)
Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes
A) Describe patterns of sex-linked inheritance, noting examples in fruit flies and humans.
B) Explain why sex-linked disorders are expressed much more frequently in men than in
women.
IV) The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
A) Define the chromosome theory of inheritance.
B) Explain the chromosomal basis of the laws of segregation and independent assortment
C) Explain how linked genes are inherited differently from nonlinked genes.
ABO blood groups
Allele
carrier
complete dominance
dihybrid cross
dominant & recessive allele
Key Terms
genotype
hemophilia
heterozygous
homozygous
hybrid
incomplete dominance
F1 generation
F2 generation
linked genes
monohybrid cross
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P generation
phenotype
polygenic inheritance
sex chromosome
sex-linked gene
trait
true-breeding
BIO 101 Study Guide
Exam 4
MOLECULAR GENETICS
Chapter 10
I) The Structure of the Genetic Material
A) Describe the experiments of Griffith, Avery, and Hershey and Chase, which demonstrated
that DNA is the genetic material.
B) Compare the structure of DNA and RNA.
II) DNA Replication
A) Explain how the structure of DNA facilitates its replication.
B) Describe the process of DNA replication.
III)
The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein
A) Describe the locations, reactants, and products of transcription and translation.
B) Explain how the “languages” of DNA and RNA are used to produce polypeptides.
C) Explain how RNA is produced.
D) Explain how eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus.
E) Explain how tRNA functions in the process of translation.
F) Describe the structure and function of ribosomes.
G) Describe how amino acids are added to a growing polypeptide chain.
IV) Microbial Genetics
A) Describe the common characteristics of viruses.
B) Describe three ways that new disease-causing viruses evolve.
C) Explain how bacteria can exchange genetic information.
D) Define a plasmid, and explain why plasmids pose serious human health problems.
V) Genetic Engineering
A) Explain how plasmids are used in gene cloning.
B) Explain how DNA technology has helped to produce insulin, growth hormone, and vaccines.
C) Discuss the ethical issues that human gene therapy techniques present.
D) Explain why it is important to sequence the genomes of humans and other organisms.
E) Note the current estimate of the number of human genes and explain how human complexity
can come from such a low number. How much of the human genome is non-coding DNA
F) Explain how genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture.
G) Describe the risks posed in the creation and culturing of GM organisms and the safeguards
that have been developed to minimize risks.
AIDS
conjugation
genetic code
mutation
plasmid
semiconservative model
transcription
transformation
biotechnology
Key Terms
Bacteriophages, phages
DNA polymerases
messenger RNA (mRNA)
nucleotides
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
start & stop codons
transduction
translation
clone
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codons
double helix
molecular biology
peptide bond formation
RNA polymerase
sugar-phosphate backbone
transfer RNA (tRNA)
triplet code
gene cloning
BIO 101 Study Guide
Exam 4
Control of Gene Expression
Chapter 11
Describe and compare the regulatory mechanisms of the lac operon, trp operon, and operons
using activators.
II) Control of Expression in Eukaryotes
A) Explain how selective gene expression yields a variety of cell types in multicellular
eukaryotes.
B) Explain how DNA is packaged into chromosomes. Explain how packing influences gene
expression.
C) Explain how a cat’s tortoiseshell coat pattern is formed and why this pattern is only seen in
female cats.
D) Explain how eukaryotic gene expression is controlled. Compare the eukaryotic gene
expression mechanisms to those of prokaryotes.
E) Describe the significance of control at the level of mRNA molecules.
F) Explain how mRNA breakdown, initiation of translation, protein activation, and protein
breakdown regulate gene expression.
G) Describe the roles of homeotic genes in development.
H) Explain how a signal transduction pathway triggers a specific response inside a target cell.
III) Cloning of Plants and Animals
A) Describe the experiments that demonstrate that differentiated cells retain all of their genes.
B) Explain how nuclear transplantation can be used to clone animals.
C) Describe some of the practical applications of reproductive cloning.
D) Describe the process and goals of therapeutic cloning
IV) The Genetic Basis of Cancer
A) Explain how viruses, proto-oncogenes, and tumor-suppressor genes can each contribute to
cancer.
I)
activator
adult stem cell
RNA splicing
Barr body
carcinogen
clone
differentiation
Key Terms
gene expression
histone
homeotic gene
nuclear transplantation
operon
regeneration
embryonic stem cell
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regulatory gene
reproductive cloning
therapeutic cloning
signal transduction pathway
transcription factor
X chromosome inactivation
BIO 101 Study Guide
Exam 4
How Populations Evolve
Chapter 13
I) Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
A) Briefly describe the history of evolutionary thought.
B) Describe Darwin’s assumptions in developing the concept of natural selection.
C) Explain how the fossil record provides some of the strongest evidence of evolution.
D) Explain how biogeography, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and
molecular biology document evolution.
E) Describe two examples of natural selection known to occur in nature. Note three key
points about how natural selection works.
II) Population Genetics and the Modern Synthesis
A) Define the gene pool, a population, and a species.
B) Explain how microevolution occurs.
C) Define genetic drift and gene flow. Explain how the bottleneck effect and the
founder effect influence microevolution.
III)
Variation and Natural Selection
A) Explain why only some variation is heritable. Explain how genetic variation is
measured.
B) Explain how mutation and sexual recombination produce genetic variation.
C) Explain how antibiotic resistance has evolved.
D) Explain how genetic variation is maintained in populations.
E) Explain what is meant by neutral variation.
F) Define fitness. Explain how “survival of the fittest” can be misleading.
G) Describe the three general outcomes of natural selection.
H) Explain why natural selection cannot produce perfection.
Key Term s
artificial & natural selection
descent with modification
fitness
gene pool
species
polymorphic
sexual dimorphism
comparative anatomy comparative embryology
evolution
evolutionary adaptation
fossil record
gene flow
genetic drift
homologous structures
modern synthesis
mutations
population
population genetics
microevolution vs macroevolution
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