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BIO 101 Study Guide Exam 4 Patterns of Inheritance Chapter 9 I) Mendel’s Laws A) Explain why Mendel’s decision to work with peas was a good choice. B) Define and distinguish between true-breeding organisms, hybrids, the P generation, the F1 generation, and the F2 generation. C) Define and distinguish between the following pairs of terms: genotype and phenotype; dominant allele and recessive allele; heterozygous and homozygous. D) Define a monohybrid cross E) Describe the genetic relationship between homologous chromosomes. F) Explain how recessive and dominant disorders are inherited. Provide examples of each. II) Variations on Mendel’s Laws A) Describe the inheritance patterns of: incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic inheritance. Provide an example of each. B) Explain how the sickle-cell allele can be adaptive. C) Explain why human skin coloration is not sufficiently explained by polygenic inheritance III) Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes A) Describe patterns of sex-linked inheritance, noting examples in fruit flies and humans. B) Explain why sex-linked disorders are expressed much more frequently in men than in women. IV) The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance A) Define the chromosome theory of inheritance. B) Explain the chromosomal basis of the laws of segregation and independent assortment C) Explain how linked genes are inherited differently from nonlinked genes. ABO blood groups Allele carrier complete dominance dihybrid cross dominant & recessive allele Key Terms genotype hemophilia heterozygous homozygous hybrid incomplete dominance F1 generation F2 generation linked genes monohybrid cross 1 of 4 P generation phenotype polygenic inheritance sex chromosome sex-linked gene trait true-breeding BIO 101 Study Guide Exam 4 MOLECULAR GENETICS Chapter 10 I) The Structure of the Genetic Material A) Describe the experiments of Griffith, Avery, and Hershey and Chase, which demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material. B) Compare the structure of DNA and RNA. II) DNA Replication A) Explain how the structure of DNA facilitates its replication. B) Describe the process of DNA replication. III) The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein A) Describe the locations, reactants, and products of transcription and translation. B) Explain how the “languages” of DNA and RNA are used to produce polypeptides. C) Explain how RNA is produced. D) Explain how eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus. E) Explain how tRNA functions in the process of translation. F) Describe the structure and function of ribosomes. G) Describe how amino acids are added to a growing polypeptide chain. IV) Microbial Genetics A) Describe the common characteristics of viruses. B) Describe three ways that new disease-causing viruses evolve. C) Explain how bacteria can exchange genetic information. D) Define a plasmid, and explain why plasmids pose serious human health problems. V) Genetic Engineering A) Explain how plasmids are used in gene cloning. B) Explain how DNA technology has helped to produce insulin, growth hormone, and vaccines. C) Discuss the ethical issues that human gene therapy techniques present. D) Explain why it is important to sequence the genomes of humans and other organisms. E) Note the current estimate of the number of human genes and explain how human complexity can come from such a low number. How much of the human genome is non-coding DNA F) Explain how genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture. G) Describe the risks posed in the creation and culturing of GM organisms and the safeguards that have been developed to minimize risks. AIDS conjugation genetic code mutation plasmid semiconservative model transcription transformation biotechnology Key Terms Bacteriophages, phages DNA polymerases messenger RNA (mRNA) nucleotides ribosomal RNA (rRNA) start & stop codons transduction translation clone 2 of 4 codons double helix molecular biology peptide bond formation RNA polymerase sugar-phosphate backbone transfer RNA (tRNA) triplet code gene cloning BIO 101 Study Guide Exam 4 Control of Gene Expression Chapter 11 Describe and compare the regulatory mechanisms of the lac operon, trp operon, and operons using activators. II) Control of Expression in Eukaryotes A) Explain how selective gene expression yields a variety of cell types in multicellular eukaryotes. B) Explain how DNA is packaged into chromosomes. Explain how packing influences gene expression. C) Explain how a cat’s tortoiseshell coat pattern is formed and why this pattern is only seen in female cats. D) Explain how eukaryotic gene expression is controlled. Compare the eukaryotic gene expression mechanisms to those of prokaryotes. E) Describe the significance of control at the level of mRNA molecules. F) Explain how mRNA breakdown, initiation of translation, protein activation, and protein breakdown regulate gene expression. G) Describe the roles of homeotic genes in development. H) Explain how a signal transduction pathway triggers a specific response inside a target cell. III) Cloning of Plants and Animals A) Describe the experiments that demonstrate that differentiated cells retain all of their genes. B) Explain how nuclear transplantation can be used to clone animals. C) Describe some of the practical applications of reproductive cloning. D) Describe the process and goals of therapeutic cloning IV) The Genetic Basis of Cancer A) Explain how viruses, proto-oncogenes, and tumor-suppressor genes can each contribute to cancer. I) activator adult stem cell RNA splicing Barr body carcinogen clone differentiation Key Terms gene expression histone homeotic gene nuclear transplantation operon regeneration embryonic stem cell 3 of 4 regulatory gene reproductive cloning therapeutic cloning signal transduction pathway transcription factor X chromosome inactivation BIO 101 Study Guide Exam 4 How Populations Evolve Chapter 13 I) Darwin’s Theory of Evolution A) Briefly describe the history of evolutionary thought. B) Describe Darwin’s assumptions in developing the concept of natural selection. C) Explain how the fossil record provides some of the strongest evidence of evolution. D) Explain how biogeography, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and molecular biology document evolution. E) Describe two examples of natural selection known to occur in nature. Note three key points about how natural selection works. II) Population Genetics and the Modern Synthesis A) Define the gene pool, a population, and a species. B) Explain how microevolution occurs. C) Define genetic drift and gene flow. Explain how the bottleneck effect and the founder effect influence microevolution. III) Variation and Natural Selection A) Explain why only some variation is heritable. Explain how genetic variation is measured. B) Explain how mutation and sexual recombination produce genetic variation. C) Explain how antibiotic resistance has evolved. D) Explain how genetic variation is maintained in populations. E) Explain what is meant by neutral variation. F) Define fitness. Explain how “survival of the fittest” can be misleading. G) Describe the three general outcomes of natural selection. H) Explain why natural selection cannot produce perfection. Key Term s artificial & natural selection descent with modification fitness gene pool species polymorphic sexual dimorphism comparative anatomy comparative embryology evolution evolutionary adaptation fossil record gene flow genetic drift homologous structures modern synthesis mutations population population genetics microevolution vs macroevolution 4 of 4